AP Euro U5 (Industrial Revolution)

Origins of the 18th cen Ind. Rev.

* Transformation of agricultural society → industrial/urban society (no urbanization w/o industrialization & vice versa)
* Begins in GB - 1780s
* spreads in 19th cen

Causes of Ind. Rev.

1. GB has huge national market (transportation system)
2. No internal tariffs
3. Agricultural Rev
4. Effective central bank
5. Large group of rich investors and enough capital
6. Gov’t encouraged innovation
7. Available labor force b/c of 2nd wave of enclosure displacing rural workforce
8. Coal and iron ore deposits
9. industrial tech in GB enables mass cost-efficient production

Colonial Empire

* GB’s group of colonies providing a market overseas

Credit markets

* gov’ts secure bonds for railroad invests
* financial communication w/investors
* stabilize currency

Mobile rural proletariat

cottage workers

* cottage industry system dying out + mechanized spinning (spinning jenny made by James Hargreaves)
* Waterframe by Richard Arkwright allows for mass use of spinning jenny and employs \~1000 ppl
* weaver wages = up
* hard to get them to take the jobs (poor/abnormal working conditions)

James Hargreaves

* invents spinning jenny (circa 1760)
* mechanizes wool spinning

Richard Arkwright

* Water Frame (circa 1760)
* spinning jenny initially used only water pump
* hundreds of spinning jennies can be powered by 1 water frame
* result: cotton cloth = cheaper and imbalance is now spinners > weavers

child labor (early ind. rev.)

* hard to get ppl to work in mills b/c reminded them of pauper’s workhouses
* resort to child labor (mainly @ orphanages initially)
* pay = terrible to nonexistent
* 1800s: reform legislation appears

James Watt

* 1789: creates workable steam engine b/c coal mining = dangerous and inefficient + no need for a water source
* Limitless source of power
* Additional result: steam boats and transportation

Steam engine + related tech

* James Watt (1789)
* no need for a water source
* limitless source of power

1st textile factories

Edmund Cartwright

Henry Cort

* puddling furnace and rolling mill
* Result: higher, mechanized iron production and more coal needed

railroads

* reduce cost of overland shipping
* enlarged markets
* larger factories
* contributes to growth of urban industrial working class
* contributes to impressionist art style
* engineers = highly influential
* HUGE growth in GB economy
* Result: population increases
* Result: per capita consumption = increases and stimulates industrial production

Liverpool-Manchester Railway

* first industrial railway in GB
* heart of transportation/ind rev

George Stephenson

* 1825: Locomotive
* made w/steam power (limitless)
* result: change in the culture and industry

Great Exposition of 1851 (significance)

* show of GB’s industrial strength and innovations
* reveals how far ahead GB is (compared to continent)

Theory of David Ricardo

* population growth will always exert downward pressure on wages, keeping them at a subsistence level
* Result: Iron Law of Wages

Importance of the British GNP and population explosion

* 1780-1851: GB GNP → increases 4x
* economic output 4x
* population boom (9 mil → 21 mil)
* growing population consumes increased production → huge national market
* by 1800, GB has huge (widening) economic dominance over all of Europe (2nd = Belgium)

Theory of Thomas Malthus

* “Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798)
* says populations grow exponentially while food supply grows linearly
* eventually, population will > food supply
* Pessimist, math-based

Effects of the French Revolution & wars on continental industrialization

* 1789-1815: GB continues to grow industrially while continent’s trade = disrupted b/c Napoleonic Wars and Fr. Rev
* Result: continental inflation and civil anxiety
* 1815: Continent = further behind GB than in 1789

Advantages of continental nations

1. Putting out system (successful) + skilled workers
2. Don’t need to do trial + error development of technology
3. Strong independent/absolutist governments (can enforce industrial policies where they feel necessary)

British industrial secrets laws

* GB laws against sharing technological advancements
* Until 1825: illegal for skilled workers/makers to leave country
* no equipment/machinery allowed to leave until 1843

William Cockerill and Sons in Liege

* Mechanic/carpenter skilled in textiles
* 1799: leaves GB (despite Ind. Secrets Laws) w/his sons for Belgium (Liege)
* conduit for tech. to get to continent
* Sons: built up industrial complex around Liege for British workers to → Belgium

Fritz Harkourt in the Ruhr Valley of Germany

* Prussian (former soldier) → Ruhr Valley (rich in coal and iron)
* saw GB advancements during war and brought to Germany
* Recruited GB mechanics ($$$ to pay them and transport supplies)
* Eventually unsuccessful (loses $)

Support of continental governments

* gov’ts (on continent) build roads and infrastructure
* tariff protection
* pays for most/all Railroads

Zollverein

* Friedrich List
* Customs union meant to integrate/unify German states economically (no tariffs on states that join)
* Result: increases size of market

Industrial banks

* Belgium: capitalize 2 major Bank
* Massive $ growth on the continent late 1800s
* Beginning of 20th cen → continent ahead

Credit Mobilier of Paris

New middle class

* new class appears (industrial working class + industrial capitalists
* inherit conflict
* stimulates new thought abt social relationships
* ppl = predetermined classes w/conflicted interests (class consciousness)

conditions of workers in GB

* industrialization = increasingly urban → cities grow rapidly
* workers modify system (initially family units hired)
* improve after Robert Owen (1830s) testifies to Parliament and gets Sadler committee to investigate conditions
* Result: Factory Act of 1833
* After 1850, working conditions improve for workers

Factory Act of 1833

1. no kids under 9 years old can be employed
* placed in school instead
2. 9-13: max 8 hr work day
3. 14-18: max 12 hr work day

* Impossible to enforce, but child labor does decline

Friedrich Engels

* Critic of industry (doctor/reformer)
* “The condition of the Working Classes in England” (1844)
* blames middle class and capitalist system
* contributes to growing radicalism

Andrew Ure

* argues for industry
* 1835: wrote the factory conditions = good/humane
* says conditions = better than in the past and critiques = dramatic

Edwin Chadwick

* argues for industry
* workers = increasingly capable of buying more needs and even what were considered luxury goods → industry = good

Purchasing power: 1780-1820

Purchasing Power: 1820-1840

Living conditions for factory workers

* wages begin to rise and workers consume more in 1800s (increased hours worked may account for wage increases, unsure)


* Overall, standard of living = rise moderately after 1815 and RAPIDLY after 1850 in GB

Working conditions for factory workers

* cottage workers = resistant to factory work
* fast-paced and reminded them or poorhouses
* 1802: parliament bans child-labor
* industrialization becomes increasingly urban

Robert Owen

* early socialist and wealthy mill owner
* 1830s: testified against child labor → Parliament est. Sadler committee to investigate working conditions
* Result: Factory Act of 1833

Subcontractors

Domestic service

Pre-industrial and early industrial family units

* certain tasks = “men’s” or “women’s”
* lines could be blurred depending on the family situation
* carries over to early industry

causes of the sexual division of labor

* newer interpretations point to economic and biological powers causing division
* demanding nature limited women (esp. w/children) → **biological**
* concerns regarding younger boys and girls being unsupervised
* Result: Mines Act of 1842

Mines Act of 1842

no women or boys under age ten could work in the mines to avoid unwanted pregnancies and relations

labor movements/organized unions

* 1820s: many anti-capitalists
* 1824: Combination Acts repealed and unions = acceptable
* 1st attempt to unionize = create a national union of all workers
* Robert Owen (1834) → Grand National Trades Union (unsuccessful)
* attempt to unionize all GB workers and push social and economic reforms
* Failed b/c conflicting interests and broad scope
* After: individual craft unions (each occupation forms its own union (1850s)

Combination Acts

* 1799: The Combination Laws - strikes and unions = illegal in response to the labor movements
* 1813/14: parliament repeals laws from 1500s protecting/regulating conditions for workers (getting worse)
* 1824: Comb. Acts repealed and unions = acceptable

Robert Owen

* attempts to form 1st national labor union in GB (Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1834)
* unsuccessful b/c of conflicting interests

Chartist movement

* Goal: political democracy in 1830s/40s
* key demands: written constitution for GB, universal adult male suffrage
* NOTE: previously very small amount men can vote
* petition drives → massive w/signatures from many
* not much comes to fruition