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multi store model of memory (MSM)
Attempts to illustrate how memories are formed through the interactions of memory stores and control processes made by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
"stores" of memory
sensory memory
modality specific stores
different stores for different modes of information
ex. auditory store
control process
a cognitive process that controls the flow of information from one store to another
what are the different control processes?
attention
what is the first store in the msm?
sensory store
how long is echoic memory?
3-4 seconds (auditory)
how long is iconic memory?
1/3 - 1 second (visual)
what is the capacity of the sensory store?
unlimited
which control process moves info from the sensory store to the short-term store?
attention
what control process keeps info in the short term store?
rehearsal
how long is short term memory?
15-30 seconds
what is the capacity of short term memory?
7 +/- 2 items
what control process moves info from short term to long term store?
transfer
how long is long term memory?
unlimited
what is the capacity of long term memory?
unlimited
what control process moves info from long term to short term store?
retrieval
what correlation is explained through the msm?
there is a positive correlation between the amount of rehearsal of something and the strength of the memory trace created
memory trace
a change in the brain' structure that facilitates memory storage. neurons change their structure as a result of new learning.
decay
when information that is not rehearsed may be lost through the short-term store
capacity
the amount of information that can be held in the store
duration
how long information can stay in the store for
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
aim: determine the duration of short-term memory
participants were given one random trigram to remember
TRIGRAM: meaningless consonant triplet
they were asked to count backwards in 3s from a random 3 digit number (to prevent rehearsal)
then they were asked to recall the trigram
each subject was tested eight times for each of the recall intervals (3
HM (personal background)
suffered from EPILEPSY (a disorder w uncontrollable seizures)
at 29
case study of HM (Milner and Scoville)
aim: to assess the influence of the hippocampus on memory
they tested HM by giving him info to remember and then coming back later to ask him to recall the info
asked HM to trace a star in a reflection
other methods: home observations
but if he was distracted
he would forget it 2. over successive trials
working memory model (WMM)
An explanation that sees short-term memory as an active store holding several pieces of information simultaneously.
Made by Baddeley and Hitch
working memory
the process of consciously keeping information in your mind and retrieving information from your long term memory into your short term working memory
includes information in our environment and what we're consciously thinking about & the internal rehearsal of information that might enable us to transfer memory
aka short term memory
phonological loop
the part of working memory that is responsible for auditory information
it is a temporary storage and rehearsal system for auditory information
what is the phonological loop divided into?
phonological store
articulatory process
phonological store
the inner ear
the storage aspect of the phonological loop
articulatory process
the inner voice
the rehearsal portion of the phonological loop
cognitive capacity
our ability to perform cognitive processes ex. our working memory capacity: how much information we can hold in our working memory
visuo-spatial sketchpad
the aspect of your working memory that enables you to "see" memory
aka inner eye
parts of the visuospatial sketchpad
visual cache and inner scribe
visual cache
Stores information about visual form and color
inner scribe
Records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
slave systems
phonological loop
central executive
the "boss" who controls the workings of the slave systems
enables the shifts between the diff slave systems
executive functions
the processes of the central executive
episodic buffer
a store within the short-term store that can hold chunks of information until it is needed
serves to connect the components of working memory with sensory perception and long term memory
modality
a mode of information
the type of information being processed (ex. visual or verbal)
dual-task paradigm
requires participants to process visual and/or verbal information simultaneously
robbins et al (1996)
aim: investigate the effect of processing interfering information on memory recall
participant sits between two chess boards
left one is in the middle of a game (covered) and right is a new one
conditions:
control: study the left for 10 sec and then rearrange the right one to match
phonological loop: while rearranging the pieces they have to say the word "the"
visuo-spatial: while rearranging the pieces
they have to also type into a keyboard 4. central executive: while rearranging they had to generate a random string of letters
results: 2. phonological loop: 16/25 accuracy 3. visuo spatial: 4/25 accuracy
provides evidence to support the existence of separate slave systems in WMM since the act of rearranging the pieces requires visuo-spatial memory
what are some correlations made with working memory capacity?
there is a correlation between working memory capacity and reading comprehension
poor working memory capacity is correlated w the ability to maintain focus and concentration (attention)
executive cognitive function
the central executive's ability to control slave systems and focus our attention
klingberg et al (2005)
aim: investigate the effects of computer-based training on working memory
pariticipants: 14 children ages 7 to 15 diagnosed w ADHD
treatment and control group
the treatment group was given a computer training program aimed to help their working memory
the difficulty increased through the program
other group received a placebo training
results: the children in the treatment group showed significant improvements in working memory capacity
response inhibition
a measure of cognitive control and refers to the ability to suppress actions that are inappropriate
fear conditioning
developing a fear response to particular stimuli after repeated exposure to stimuli coupled w aversive outcomes
conditioning
learning to respond to a stimulus based on your experiences of that stimulus
conditioned response
when you have learned to respond to a particular stimulus in a certain way
Baby Albert Experiment
John Watson classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat. Then the baby feared all white furry things.
neutral stimulus
something that the learner has not previously been afraid of
ex. white rat in Baby Albert
aversive stimulus
something that is unwanted
conditioned stimuli
something that someone has been conditioned to feel feat towards
ex. rat and rabbit in baby albert
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
associative learning
learning how to associate one thing with another
cortisol
a stress hormone released during the stress response as a result of activation of the amygdala
the stress response helps to _______________ memory
consolidate
consolidating memory
transferring memory from the short-term store to the long-term store
Buchanan and Lovallo (2001)
aim: investigate the effect of cortisol on memory
participants: 50/50 male and female
two conditions: 1) treatment (20 mg cortisol)
placebo
images were shown to participants (arousing emotions)
participants rated the emotional impact of the images
one week later
developing an autonomic fear response
when your autonomic nervous system (including the amygdala) unconsciously triggers physiological responses (ex. releasing hormones) when a threatening stimulus is perceived
an important survival adaptation as it helps us to deal w threats
affective stimulus
something that generates an emotional response
what have brain scans on patients with PTSD revealed?
reduced volume in the hippocampus
a hyper-responsive amygdala (it activates in response to stimuli more frequently and at a higher rate than normal) -> could explain "increased startle responses"
what type of response is seen between cortisol and memory consolidation?
an inverted-U response: too little or too much cortisol might not have a significant effect
amygdala hijack
experiencing high levels of emotion and increased irritability (can be due to a hyper-responsive amygdala)
structure of the hippocampus
it is one of the most plastic parts of the brain and is vulnerable to stress and damage
Sapolsky (1990)
aim: investigate the effect of cortisol on the hippocampus
participants: 4 young adult monkeys
implanted pellets into their hippocampus
control = cholesterol pellets
treatment = cortisol pellets
results: the monkeys w cortisol pellets had significant damage to their neurons in the hippocampus
dendritic atrophy
the shrinking and decay of dendrites
symptoms associated w memory that veterans experience
flashbacks
nightmares
intrusive memories
amnesia
what does HM and studies about the effect of cortisol on the hippocampus show about veterans w PTSD?
HM shown that the hippocampus plays a role in long-term declarative memory formation
damage to this area (due to high cortisol levels) could explain why patients w PTSD display cognitive problems
positive effects of emotion on cognition
the association of an aversive stimuli and the conditioned fear with the following amygdala activation that facilitates the release of cortisol can help consolidate memory
serves as an important survival function in that it enables us to develop memories that will help us to avoid danger
negative effects of emotion on cognition
prolonged stress leads to elevated cortisol levels over long periods of time that may reduce the functioning capabilities of the hippocampus
could explain some of the common cognitive symptoms of PTSD (impaired memory abilities + inability to remember details)
multi store model of memory (MSM)
Attempts to illustrate how memories are formed through the interactions of memory stores and control processes made by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
"stores" of memory
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
modality specific stores
different stores for different modes of information
ex. auditory store, visual store
control process
a cognitive process that controls the flow of information from one store to another
what are the different control processes?
attention, rehearsal, transfer, and retrieval
what is the first store in the msm?
sensory store
how long is echoic memory?
3-4 seconds (auditory)
how long is iconic memory?
1/3 - 1 second (visual)
what is the capacity of the sensory store?
unlimited
which control process moves info from the sensory store to the short-term store?
attention
what control process keeps info in the short term store?
rehearsal
how long is short term memory?
15-30 seconds
what is the capacity of short term memory?
7 +/- 2 items
what control process moves info from short term to long term store?
transfer
how long is long term memory?
unlimited
what is the capacity of long term memory?
unlimited
what control process moves info from long term to short term store?
retrieval
what correlation is explained through the msm?
there is a positive correlation between the amount of rehearsal of something and the strength of the memory trace created
memory trace
a change in the brain' structure that facilitates memory storage. neurons change their structure as a result of new learning.
decay
when information that is not rehearsed may be lost through the short-term store
capacity
the amount of information that can be held in the store
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