Conditions week 11 and 12

Diabetes

A chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin production issues.

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar; risks include heart attacks and strokes; symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar with symptoms like shakiness, sweating, and confusion.

Ketones

Substances produced when insulin is insufficient; excess can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Normal fasting blood sugar

A healthy blood sugar level when fasting is between 70–100 mg/dL.

Type 1 Diabetes

A form of diabetes where the body produces no insulin, accounting for 5–10% of all cases.

Type 2 Diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance, making up 90–95% of cases.

Gestational Diabetes

A temporary type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Neuropathy

A complication of diabetes characterized by sensory loss and pain in extremities.

Retinopathy

A diabetes complication that can result in vision loss.

Nephropathy

A diabetes complication leading to kidney failure and the need for dialysis.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious diabetic emergency with symptoms like dry mouth and fruity breath.

A1C

A test measuring the 3-month glucose average; a normal level is approximately 5.7%.

CGM

Continuous glucose monitoring, often used with insulin pumps to manage diabetes.

Phantom Pain

Pain felt in a limb that has been amputated.

Phantom Sensation

The sensation of feeling that is perceived in a limb that is no longer present.

Prosthetics

Artificial devices designed to replace missing body parts, types include passive static and myoelectric.

Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD)

Conditions characterized by cognitive decline affecting memory, thinking, and decision-making.

Dementia

A broad category of brain diseases that cause a gradual decrease in memory and cognitive function.

Alzheimer's Disease

The most common cause of dementia, not a normal part of aging, involving memory loss and cognitive decline.

Delirium

A rapid-onset cognitive disturbance often triggered by physical conditions; includes disturbances in attention and cognition.

Sundowning

A phenomenon where symptoms of delirium worsen during the late afternoon or evening.

Cognitive Domains

Specific areas of cognitive function that are affected in neurocognitive disorders, including memory and attention.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Progressive lung disease that includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, primarily caused by smoking.

Diaphragmatic breathing

A technique used to improve respiratory function and efficiency, often taught in rehabilitation programs.

Energy conservation techniques

Strategies aimed at helping individuals manage their energy levels and prevent fatigue in occupational therapy.

Normal fasting blood sugar

70–100 mg/dL.

TMR

Transfers residual nerves to new muscles.

Frontotemporal Dementia

• Onset ~60s; quicker progression than Alzheimer's.

• Symptoms: Behavior changes, hoarding, social withdrawal.

Lewy Body Disease

• Protein deposits impair neuron function.

• Symptoms: Fluctuating attention, visual hallucinations, Parkinsonism traits.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

• Varies; includes deficits in attention, executive function, memory.

• Severe TBI: Language loss, ataxia, emotional control issues.

Normal respiratory rate:

12–25 bpm

Normal oxygen saturation:

96–100%

Hypertension

Systolic >140, Diastolic >90

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

• Cause: Atherosclerosis.

• Treatments: Angioplasty, CABG (sternal precautions after surgery)

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

• Cause: CAD, hypertension, MI.

• Symptoms: Dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, wheezing.

• Progressive, symptom management focus.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attack due to reduced blood flow (atherosclerosis common cause)