Conditions week 11 and 12

Week 11 Terms 

Diabetes

• Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar; risks: heart attacks, strokes.

  • Symptoms: thirst, frequent urination, hunger, slow healing, weight loss, ketoacidosis.

• Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar.

  • Symptoms: shakiness, sweating, confusion, irregular heartbeat, hunger, seizures, unconsciousness.

• Ketones: Produced when insulin is insufficient; excess causes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

• Normal fasting blood sugar: 70–100 mg/dL.

Types of Diabetes

• Type 1: No insulin production (5–10% of cases).

• Type 2: Insulin resistance (90–95% of cases).

• Gestational: Temporary, during pregnancy.

Complications

• Neuropathy: Sensory loss, extremity pain.

• Retinopathy: Vision loss.

• Nephropathy: Kidney failure → dialysis.

• DKA: Diabetic emergency; symptoms: dry mouth, fruity breath, nausea, brain fog.

Monitoring

• A1C: 3-month glucose average; normal ~5.7%.

• CGM: Continuous glucose monitoring + insulin pumps.

OT Interventions for Diabetes

• Lifestyle changes, adaptive technology, blood sugar testing instruction, rehab for complications.

Amputations

• Causes: Trauma, disease, congenital.

• Types: ULL/D (upper limb loss/difference), BKA (below knee), AKA (above knee).

• Phantom Pain: Pain in absent limb.

• Phantom Sensation: Feeling of present limb.

Prosthetics

• Types:

  • Passive static (support/aesthetic)

  • Body-powered (movement-based)

  • Myoelectric (externally powered)

  • Hybrid (combo)

  • 3D-printed (low-cost, customizable)
    
    

• TMR: Transfers residual nerves to new muscles.

OT Interventions for Amputation

• Mirror therapy, prosthetic use training, community/work reintegration, adaptive tools.

Metabolic Syndrome & Diabesity

• Risk factors: Obesity, linked to cancer.

• BMI: Body mass index measure.

• Bariatrics: Medical field for obesity care.

• Bariatric surgery: Treats obesity.

Week 12 Terms to Know

Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD)

Dementia:

• General term for cognitive decline (memory, thinking, decision-making).

• Alzheimer's is most common. Not a normal part of aging.

Delirium:

• Rapid onset, brief duration, linked to physical causes (e.g., fever, infection).

• DSM-5: Disturbance in attention, cognition, explained by medical condition.

• Sundowning: Delirium symptoms worsen at dusk.

Mild vs Major NCD:

• Mild NCD: Mild functional decline, possible compensation.

• Major NCD: Significant decline impacting independence.

Cognitive Domains:

• Complex attention: Focus, divide, and sustain attention.

• Executive function: Planning, decision-making, memory use.

• Learning/memory: Immediate, recent, long-term memory.

• Language: Expressive/receptive aphasia.

• Perceptual-motor: Visual perception, motor planning.

• Social cognition: Understanding others' emotions (Theory of Mind).

Alzheimer’s Disease:

• Causes: Genetics, lifestyle (diabetes, obesity, hypertension).

• Diagnosis: Ruling out other causes, brain imaging, biomarkers (tau protein).

• Symptoms: Memory loss, executive dysfunction, aphasia, anomia, dysphagia.

• Late stage: Malnutrition, dehydration, death.

Frontotemporal Dementia:

• Onset ~60s; quicker progression than Alzheimer's.

• Symptoms: Behavior changes, hoarding, social withdrawal.

Lewy Body Disease:

• Protein deposits impair neuron function.

• Symptoms: Fluctuating attention, visual hallucinations, Parkinsonism traits.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):

• Varies; includes deficits in attention, executive function, memory.

• Severe TBI: Language loss, ataxia, emotional control issues.

Medical Management of NCD

Mild NCD:

• Lifestyle changes: Exercise, diet, social engagement.

Major NCD:

• Psychoeducation, manage behavior, caregiver support.

• Medications: Antipsychotics, cholinesterase inhibitors, SSRIs, memantine.

• Focus: Quality of life, ADL participation, safe environment.

NCD Impact on Occupational Performance

• Attention: Mild—multitasking struggles; Major—overwhelmed easily.

• Executive Function: Mild—complex tasks difficult; Major—unsafe behavior.

• Memory: Mild—forgetting names, objects; Major—disorientation, repetitive speech.

• Perceptual-Motor: Mild—getting lost; Major—poor motor coordination, gait issues.

OT Interventions:

• Caregiver education, home safety, routines, compensatory strategies.

Cardiopulmonary Disorders

Vital Signs:

• Normal respiratory rate: 12–25 bpm.

• Normal oxygen saturation: 96–100%.

Hypertension:

• Systolic >140, Diastolic >90.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

• Cause: Atherosclerosis.

• Treatments: Angioplasty, CABG (sternal precautions after surgery).

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF):

• Cause: CAD, hypertension, MI.

• Symptoms: Dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, wheezing.

• Progressive, symptom management focus.

Myocardial Infarction (MI):

• Heart attack due to reduced blood flow (atherosclerosis common cause).

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):

• Progressive lung damage (emphysema, bronchitis).

• Symptoms: Dyspnea, mucus, wheezing, fatigue.

• Cause: Smoking, pollutants.

OT Interventions for Cardiac Conditions

• Diaphragmatic breathing

• Energy conservation techniques

• Endurance training

• Cardiac rehabilitation programs