USA 8 MARK history edexcel paper 1

1. Cold War on USA

Alliance with European countries 
- Truman doctrine in march 1947, promised to help support countries resisting takeover and Marshall plan march 1947 gave countries millions of dollars in aid to EU countries suffering financial problems after WW2 —eg Greece, gave funding to gov to remove the communists, with risk of communism takeover 

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The emergence of the red scare
Many were fearful of the communist invasion, saw communism spreading throughout Europe — convinced that wanted world domination— support Chinese comms, North Korea, Phillipines etc. 
People lost jobs over accusations and hysteria over communism threat, trade unions seen as communist, so people didnt join over fear by association, same with radica/socialist, left-wing, people like McCarthy took advantage and further multiplied the hysteria— overall red scare

 

2. McCarthyism on USA

Increased hysteria over communism
- He accused over 200 members of the US state department of being communist in his "enemies within speech"
- Made people paranoid, led to fear amongst even the highest governments were not safe from communist infiltration
- Army McCarthy hearings were televised, displayed to millions of public, displayed the severity that the communist infiltration reached, made the issue more 'real'

Impact on US politics
- Eisenhower president made no effort to defend GM in fear of being associated with anyone communist—reputation , traitors
- Introduction of exec order 9835
- George Marshall, well liked, reputation after being accused was damaged(even with no conviction/confirmation)
- Eisenhower capitalised off peoples fear + media attention from GM's accusation and created the communist control act, which ultimately gained more support for his party
- Results in lack of support for democratic party— tidings accused of being a 'communist sympathise' after speculating on McCarthy' s evidence

3. Brown vs Board on USA

Motivated civil rights activists more

-        Brought an increased awareness of African American civil rights

-        Provided a new legal precedent and therefore led to many more legal cases and campaigns for desegregation

-        Proved that the US political system was willing to support African American citizens

-        The case gave new hope to civil rights campaigners that the system could bring about change

Limited de facto impact/ increase is resistance/backlash

• KKK retaliation, resisted integration, BvB passed= “black Monday”

• White citizens council set up

• Schools/state govs did enforce integration

• Inspired people to join Anti-civil rights groups

• AA students harassed/bullied and attacked

4. Death of Emmett till on USA

Spread awareness for how severe racism in Mississippi or the south overall had gotten

-        Pictures of his body were published on JET magazine

-        Over 50,000 attended his funeral his story was spread throughout the black community

-        People were horrified by what they saw, many didn’t realise the severity of the racism, or even the presence of such violence in Mississippi.

 

That it sparked an uprise in (civil rights) activism

-        People were outraged by the violence that such a young boy suffered, angry and wanted to fix the problem

-        Made people scared of racism/violence even more, and many other black people wanted to make sure nothing more like it happened fearing their—or their loved ones—own safety

-        Also inspired white people to help support the movement as many were also appalled by the story

-        So many people joined CR movement/activism

5. Montgomery bus boycott on USA

a violent backlash against African Americans.

-        After the removal of the segregation laws on buses, African Americans were allowed to sit with white people.

-        This integration led to hatred amongst many, who then began to attack and participate more in racist activities.

-        The KKK also initiated more attacks and black bus passengers who sat with white people were attacked by snipers.

-        This extreme violence also led to the suspension of bus services for a few weeks.

 

it demonstrated the effectiveness of peaceful protest.

-        It gained national and international attention, which helped to raise awareness of the civil rights movement and put pressure on political leaders to act.

-        On the 5th of December, the Women’s Political Council (who challenged discrimination on public transport in Montgomery) called for a boycott of buses.

-         Churches and college groups publicised this boycott and

-        90% of African Americans who usually take bus participated in the boycott.

-         bus companies were missing many of their customers (70% of passengers were black) they were impacted financially.

-        There was no violence involved,

-        African Americans were successfully able to get their demands of integration on buses.

7. Little Rock on USA

1957

1. Highlighted need for federal intervention and media attention to enforce CR change
- although BvB passed Orval Faubus — Arkansas — state troops blocked students from entering the school, required media attention to pressure federal gov, to intervene and send troops (101 airborne div.) to safely get the students into the school

2. Backlash
- Orval shut down Little Rock highschools for a year in 1958, known as the "lost year", AA students faced angry mobs, harassment, bullying etc. white flight as well

Civil rights act 1957 on USA

1. Showed that federal gov and Supreme Court alone= limited de facto impact.
- first time in 82 years that the gov worked to better the CR of AA
- only 3% increase is AA registered voters, needed another act in 1960 to help increase, juries against CRM

2. Encouraged CRA more
- show that federal gov on their side, Supreme Court willing to help, allow for more opportunities for AA and increased awareness of CRM

KKK on usa

1. Highlighted KKK's limited impact to subverting CRM
- didn't affect CRM significantly despite violence,
3. Resistance to Supreme Court decisions
2. Violence against AA
- KKK attacked AA, lynchings, shootings, bombed MLK house is 1956

Freedom rides on USA

1. Increased violence towards AA
- "bull"Connor police chief allowed angry white mobs to attack the riders and buses, Anniston fire bombing, riders arrested, attacked by KKK in Alabama even more against CRM, backlash to desegregation being enforced
2.
Desegregation of buses: violence forced gov to act and threatened to send US Marshall's to enforce desegregation, led to states beginning to enforce desegregation themselves

Sit ins on USA

1. Desegregated many stores
- successful and peaceful, did help to desegregate many local businesses and around 120 total impacted as they were struggling to sell without customers and couldn't refuse the protestors

3. Sympathy/support for CRM: people saw the young students being attacked with no fighting back, gained attention and support/sympathy for the movement , 70,000 participated over 20 states
2. Establishment of SNCC

- (Student non-violent coordinating committee)
- ella baker involved in sit ins, saw the potential and set up meeting with other students involved in sit ins, decided to form own organisation, began sit ins and over 70,000 participated over 20 states

Washington peace march on USA

Raised awareness for the Civil Rights Movement - publicity and interesting nature of the protest made people all over America aware of the importance for the CRM, speeches and music were so powerful it attracted huge public crowds—singers like bob dylan 250,000 people marched for 'jobs and freedom';

Demonstrated the effectiveness of peaceful protest -
Civil Rights Bill of 1964 - further pressure on politicians, it was being debated at the same time and this peaceful display of unity + huge support demonstrated that it was needed and pushed for it further

Birmingham campaign on USA

“Project C for confrontation”

Damaged international reputation - children were arrested(1000) and attacked by dogs and fire hoses (bull Connor)was broadcast all over the world and people were horrified by what was going on in the supposedly 'civil' and fair US, hypocrisy over US critical about other countries

Further push for the civil rights act - Kennedy's federal involvement demonstrated that there was need for change + involvement of federal gov and he didn't want something like this to happen again so the civil rights bill passing became more urgent

Selma to Montgomery on Civil rights movement

1. Violence against AA
- when at Edmund Pettus bridge, protesters faced angry mobs, resulted in riot between police and protestors , led to huge publicity and needed federal intervention, pressured voting rights act 1965, "Bloody Sunday"—attacked with tear gas, horses, clubs

2. divide in CRM
- Stokley charmichael + other protestors incl. SNCC wanted more violent and to directly confront police/ approach, MLK wanted to keep it non-violent, also called off initial attempt at Selma march due to danger, began to question non-violent methods —more militant protests in future

Mississippi freedom summer on USA

1. Improving AA literacy rates: Mississippi freedom Democratic Party — 80,000 members and 68 of which were elected to join Democratic party convention— direct challenge to MSSP all white Democratic Party + ran classes to help AA pass voter tests, 30 freedom schools set up

Brought problems of voter registration less than 7% AA registered —to national attention - people saw the violence/threats and massive issues with literacy tests as they were brought to attention by the media - something needed to be done (Voting Rights Act of 1965)

public attention: violence and murder of 3 activists national attention publicity

Nation of Islam on civil rights movement

1. Divide in CRM
- different views and ideas: black separatism/nationalism instead of equality, more violent approach, Malcom x

2. Increased awareness of socio-economic problems faced by AA
- ghettos, social and economics issues, lack of police involvement in crime in the ghetto areas, poverty, addressed the issue, wasn't being addressed in CRM precisely, speeches and support (over 40,000 members in 1962)

Malcom X on civil rights movement

1. Awareness of social and economic problems
- speeches and growth of NOI (500 in 1952-> 40,000 in 1962), mention these issues, previously never addressed before.

2. Divide CRM
- violent protests and more radical/militant black nationalism, separatism etc opposed to MLK peaceful and integrated

Race riots on CRM

1964 Watts, 1965 Harlem

1. Awareness for social and economic issues faced by AA
- riots led to kerner report in 1968 which deduced that they were caused by increasing frustration over living conditions, lack of police involvement in crime, poverty etc.

2. CRM Lost support
- very violent and dangerous riots (eg: watts riot and Harlem riots 1964/65 led to deaths of 35 people and property damage over 40,000,000 USD
- people less sympathetic, don't want to be involved with violence and danger

Black panther movement on CRM

a. Successfully improved standard of living in ghettos - raised/stole money to help black people out with healthcare, safety (patrolling the pigs campaign),

Changed the focus of the movement - social and economic problems became more important and non-violent approaches slipped away
black history education— more support for this new approach

Bobby seale and Huey newton on CRM

a. Successfully improved standard of living in ghettos - raised/stole money to help black people out with free healthcare campaigns, , safety (patrolling the pigs campaign),
- black panthers set up, people saw as more effective than police, carried guns

b. Changed the focus of the movement - social and economic problems became more important and non-violent approaches slipped away, classes on black history,

Student movement on USA

Multi issue activism
- SDS Campaigned for range of sites, civil rights, women's rights, gay rights, Vietnam war, nuclear disarmament, poverty,
- Occasionally joined CORE, SNCC,
- Took on more radical approach: sit-ins, freedom rides, other protests
- By end of 60s, had 100,000 members over 150 colleges
- Specifically, Berkeley FSM gained a lot of media attention and support — also led to more awareness of these issues

2. Backlash/resistance
Based on challenging authority and rejecting traditions with slogan "don't trust anyone over 30", demonstrated in Berkeley movement 1964, protestors banned, some arrested—leaders in prison for 4 months, and became confrontational, labelled the filthy speech movement after use of swear words during protest/signs, more violence lost support and led to resistance

Berkeley free speech movement on USA

Raised awareness for the student movement - 6000 occupied admin building although 750 arrests over 12 hours , effective, students became more influential and had more of an impact on society with their campaigns for many different issues - Vietnam war, able to protests on campus after staff agreed to remove the ban/ allow to freely political issues issues, LGBTQ rights etc.

Decrease support :
Made young people in the USA appear violent and excited internationally - lots of media attention which was broadcasted over the world and made students appear violent and devoted to the cause
Lost support of moderates - very confrontational and began to use swear words which were not accepted by the moderate students and people and was labelled the Filthy Speech Movement

Students for a democratic society on USA

Increased freedom of speech in universities:
- Student movement inticed by SDS+ MEMBERS of SDS membership 14k, at university of Berkeley started it.
- rally/sit in admin building, 6000 students, 750 arrests, result in Uni staff voting for no limi of political protesting on campus
- 150 colleges+ 100,000 members.

Increased opposition to the Vietnam war:
- Declared its opposition and was a majority in the anti Vietnam protests.
- Membership increased dramatically in 1966 due to its declaration.
- Summarise earlier points on reasons for anti Vietnam protests.
- Opposition to Vietnam war united the student movement: earlier quite varied; PORT HURON STATEMENT: 'racial injustice, war and the violation of human rights' — SDS manifesto which basically covered everything/aimed to.

Hippies on USA

Lasting impact on society/counterculture—300,000 members in 1976, many adopted aspects of the hippie culture and their ideas about drugs, equality, music, peace helped these things become more acceptable and normalised within US society, The movement greatly influenced music and arts, with iconic musicians like Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin using their music to convey messages of peace and social change. This led to the rise of psychedelic rock, vibrant poster art, and experimental films as expressions of the counterculture movement.
Wide-spread activism-

Wide-spread activism-
- The Hippies advocated for peaceful resolutions and rejected the idea of violence as a means to achieve political objectives.
Hippies participated in a lot of marches such as the March on Washington in 1963 and the Women's strike for equality. They marched and supported all movements including Civil Rights movement, Womens liberation Movement and Gay Rights Movement, which showed their support and determination to change laws and make the US a more equal place. However, the movement as a whole came to an end in 1967, but they still continued protesting. They held several Anti-Vietnam War Protests such as the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam in 1969, which aimed for the withdrawel of troops, and the Vietnam Moratorium Day in 1970 where many Hippies came together to voice their opposition.

Betty Friedan on women’s movement

b. Raised awareness of problems faced by women - Feminine Mystique, published in 1963 described homes as a comfortable prison for women and she highlighted the unhappiness, boredom, unfulfilling many women faced with their role as housewives, book became bestseller and influenced the way people thought/ changed perspective—therefore raising awareness

Stimulated growth of the women's movement:Helped create NOW - along with other feminists she helped to set up NOW in 1966 which organised protests and marches to support women's rights, as well as aiming to get the Equal Rights Amendment (1972) passed, NOW had 40,000 members in 1970, inspired change

Eleanor Roosevelt on women’s movement

ob opportunities for women - created press conferences that only women were allowed to which forced media companies to hire women journalists, beginning the push for more women in the workplace, after PCoTSoW: —not direct result but may have impacted— the Equal Pay Act was signed by President Kennedy in June 1963. This made it illegal to pay people different rates for doing the same job. It was followed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (see page 56), which made it illegal to discriminate against someone because of their gender., therefore improving the workplace for women

Political influence / awareness of inequality — worked with the Democratic party and JFK to get a commission on the status of women (in exchange for her support of his candidacy for president) to highlight how many women were actually employed or given job opportunities -proved very little,
- 1961 December: presidents commission on the status of women — highlighted the inequality:
- 4% lawyers, 7% doctors were women, earned 50-60% for same job as men

NOW on women’s movement

Raised awareness of inequality faced by women - rallies and pressure groups allowed for the public to understand the very few rights women did have— need for maternity benefits and training/opportunities
- 40,000 members in 1970,
- 50,000 people took part in august 1970 protest, raising awareness for women's strike for equality—unequal pay and discrimination

Improving right/law changes/impact
- ;Roe v Wade - pushed for abortion rights for women as they felt that all women should be able to decide what happens to their body and Roe v Wade declared abortion legal in 1973 by the Supreme Court,
- Also advocated for equal rights amendment 1972
Between 1966 and 1971, disputes about unequal pay led to $30 million pay back to women

Women’s lib on women’s movement

Lost support/split movement

- Showed feminism/ women's movement to be violent - negative effect -
- More radical approach—wanted to completely separate men and women
- Aggressive protests
- 1968 Miss America contest in Atlantic City they protested the products and ideas spread by the -contest throwing out products they disagreed with which attracted negative media attention around the world

split movement?

Branched out to a different area/segment of society - welfare on women ; abortion legalised 1973, campaigned for it
- helped women deal with unspoken issues - Domestic violence, support groups/ discussion things not talked about by—NOW which were mostly the middle-class/middle class issues
Dealt with by the Women's Lib in small discussion groups—sharing experiences and idea of how each person affected the whole movement—how they dressed acted etc

Phyllis schlafly on women’s movement

Lost support for it
- - Highlighted negative aspects of the women's movement and openly disagreed and mocked the protests and ideas they were protesting about and she emphasised the importance of the role of a woman in the household which identified with many women
- Made the movement seem extreme - Schlafly led many anti-women's movement groups which turned the ideas of the movement around to make it seem extreme and unfair towards men. This lost support -

Stop ERA! Groups
- She campaigned tirelessly all over the country, highlighting her objections, such as the prospect that women would have to serve in the military and that they might lose the right to financial support from their husbands or ex-husbands. Above all, Schlafly felt the ERA would weaken the importance of the family. Her campaign delayed ratification of the ERA until the time limit was reached in 1982, when only 35 of the 38 states needed to ratify it had done so. So ERA never became part of US law

Women’s lib ON USA

b. • Increased awareness of difficulties faced by women
- in the home and on a daily basis. NOW, Betty Friedan's book Feminine Mystique and Women's Lib strived to show the US and the world that women did have a hard time and could not continue to live as housewives in the ever-developing world, protests in 1970 august 50,000 people gained attention for unequal pay/discrimination
-
c. Improved equality-
- new appliances, contraception—able to plan and have more control of families/life/able to work and the growing economy as well as the constant fights and good points put out there by the Women's movement as well as the Equal Pay Act made it easier for women to find work. By 1980, 44% of workers were women. It was not full equality as it should have been but it was a step in the right direction
Abortion rights 1973-campaigned for it after became illegal in 1960

Watergate scandal on US politics

b. Lack of trust in politicians - went from trust 75%-35%, a lot less people wanted to work in the government and there was a shortage of members of the senate after 30 were imprisoned Both the Democrats and Republicans—lost power in senate (Nixon's party) lost support and change in laws,
(1973 House and Senate Open Meeting Rules - all committee meetings hadto be open to the public.
■ 1973 War Powers Act - stopped a president going to war without Congress' approval.
■ 1974 Election Campaign Act- set limits on election campaign spending
and contributions.
■ 1974 Freedom of Information Act - gave people the right to access any
government documents in which they featured.
■ 1974 Privacy Act - set rules on how the government could collect
information on individuals.
■ 1974 Congressional Budget Control Act - set rules on how the president could use government money)
•
honesty became valued in presidents rather than skill - democrat Jimmy Carter was elected in 1977 and was not part of the 'Washington Set'. Although he was less qualified and skilled than Ford he was elected because he was different and seemed to be a fresh, honest change

Watergate scandal on Nixon

- His achievements forgotten - setting up of EPA, improved foreign relations with Soviet Union and China and
- enforcing of desegregation of schools were all achieved under his presidency but people only remembered him For Watergate

- • Political career permanently damaged - never worked in politics again - did become an author and advise future presidents but never worked in politics again