Emergent Lit

NAEP Achievement levels

-Basic (partial mastery)

-Profiecent (solid performance)

-Advanced (superior)

Sources of Reading failure

-Instructional strategies (teaching)

-Neurological factors (brain)

-Socioeconomic factors (poverty)

-Familial factors (environment)

What is dyslexia?

Specifc leanring diability that is characterized by poor spelling/decoding. Difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word regonition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities

Good readers show the highest level of activation in the

___________ area.

back

What is the area of the brain that helps in analyzing a word?

Back of brain

Poor readers underutilize the areas in the ________ of the brain.

back

Evidence-based reading instruction in _______ and __________ can change brain activity in struggling readers.

Phonemic awareness and phonics

At all ages, good readers show a consistent pattern: strong activation in the ________of the brain with lesser activation in the _______.

back and front 

What does it mean to say “scientifically based reading instruction?”

Teaching reading using methods and strategies that are proven effective through research

What are print concepts?

Basic understanding about print works. How to hold a book, letter knowledge, print carries meaning

What is phonological awareness?

Working/manipulating with whole words orally

What is phonics?

Writing (graphemes) and reading the graphemes aloud

Be able to identify how many syllables are in words.

Vowel sounds cup, record, cabinet

What are the three components of fluency?

-Accurate reading of connected text at a conversational rate with appropriate prosody of expression.

Vocabulary is the knowledge of ______ and ______. 

words and their meaning 

Reading comprehension is the process of extracting and constructing ______ from written texts.

meaning 

What is reliability and validity within reading assessments?

R- dependable and consistent

V- measures right trait/ability

What are the 4 most common types of assessments?

-Screening: Who is at risk of reading difficulty

-Progress moniotoring: Are studnets making progress, instructional need changed?

-Diagnostic: Pintpoint students area of weakness 

-Outcome: Bottom-line evaluation of overall effectiveness 

What is a CBM?

-Curriculum Based Meaurement

-Dibbles 

What are the stumbling blocks to becoming a proficient reader?

-Difficulty learning to read

-Insufficient vocabulary

-Loss of motivation of initial reading 

What is the 4th grade slump?

Reading to learn. Drop in reading scores

What is academic language?

The language of texts, acedmeic discussion, and of formal writing

To be successful academically, students need to develop the specialized language of academic discourse that is distinct from __________ language.

conversational 

What is the technology that has allowed scientists to track brain activity?

fMRI

Researchers have discovered that the brain activation patterns of students with dyslexia and other poor readers are _____________ from those of good readers.

different

A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin; characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. What is the disability?

Dyslexia 

The brain is made up of _______________ mirror-image hemispheres.

two

Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes

-frontal

-parietal

-temporal

-occiptial 

What does Broca’s Area of the brain do during reading?

Organize, production, manipulate language and speech

During fMRI, skilled readers show the highest level of activation of the _____________ areas-this is where all of the incoming information about a word (how it looks, how it sounds, and what it means)-is tightly bound together and stored.

occipital-temporal

After the reader has anaylzed and correctly read a word several times, a neural model of that specific word is stored ____________ in the occipito-temporal area.

permenately 

Good readers activate the ____ of the brain.

back

Evidence-based reading instruction in __________ and __________ can change brain activity in struggling readers and assist in the activation and use of the areas in the back of the brain.

phonemic awareness and phonics 

What are the 5 areas of Reading Instruction:

-phonemic awareness 

-phonics 

-vocabualry 

-fluency 

-comprehension 

What is an ORF?

-Oral Reading Fluency

-Students read aloud for 1 minute 

What is a Maze Passage?

Read a passage silently. Every 7th word you have to choose 1 of 3 words to fit the sentence to be in context 

The ________ an intervention occurs, the more likely students will regain ground.

sooner 

What is differentiated instruction?

Meets needs of every students level

What are the stages of reading?

-1,2 (Grades 1-3) “Learning to read”

-3,4,5 (Grades 4 and up) “Read to learn” 

What are the consequences of illiteracy?

-Lower acadamic achievement

-Dropping out of school 

-Higher risk of incarceration 

What is phonemic awareness?

Individual sounds (phonemes) in words

The whole language approach argued that children could figure out how to read the words if they needed to, and asserted that meaning-making should be the central focus of instruction. Learning to read is not _______.

Natural 

What is a syllable?

Unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have a consonant after the vowel 

What is orthography?

Writing system for representing language 

What is a morpheme?

Smallest unit of language; may be a word; or a part of a word. Single sound. One Syllable. Multiple syllables. Meaning to each word. 

Faked Played Wasted 

-All same ending but all prononuced differently

Explain the Simple View of Reading

If students can’t decode, then they can’t comprehend. If they can’t comprehend spoken language, they can’t comprehend written 

What is decoding?

-Connecting letters and sounds, then blending the sounds together

-Translate a word from print to speech 

What is a phoneme?

-Individual sounds of spoken words

• /f/ /r/ /o/ /g/ Frog- 4

• /sh/ /i/ /p/ Ship-3 

Stop vs. Continuous Sounds

Stop: one short push of breath /b/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/

Continuous: Spoken until run out of breath /m/

Voiced vs. Unvoiced Sounds

Voiced: spoken with voice box turned on /v/

Unvoiced: spoken with voice box turned off /f/

What sounds create nasalization?

/n/ /m/ /ng/

What are the vowels and consonants?

Vowels: a,e,i,o,u

Consonants: every other letter

Identify consonant blends

2 or 3 consonants phonemes before/after a vowel in a syllable

bl- fr- str- -nd -sp

What are the fricatives?

Hissy sounds (9)

/f/ /th/ /s/ /sh/ /h/ /v/ /th/ /z/ /zh/

What are digraphs?

Two letter combinations that stands for one single phoneme in which nitehr letter represents usual sound

/th/ /ph/ 

What are affricates?

The tongue is pulled back farther. Placed on the palate on the roof of the mouth. Stop the air before releasing

/ch/ /j/

What are glides?

Have vowel like qualities. Consonants that are always followed by a vowel phoneme and glide to the next vowel

/wh/ /w/ /y/ 

What are liquids?

Seem to float in mouth

/l/ /r/ 

What is a schwa?

/uh/ sound with any vowel letter

What are r-controlled vowels?

Letter r affects the sound of the vowel that precides it

/er/ /ir/ /ur /ar/ /or/

What are diphthongs?

A blend of vowel sounds in one syllable

oi in boil, oy in toy, ow in now, ou in cloud 

Examples of VC/CV and CCV/VCC/CV words

le/mon → VC/CV      ti/ger → VC/CV

pla/ce → CCV / VC     fla/g → CCV / V

Be able to identify the onset and rime within words

Onset-rime

Bring→ O→ br R→ing

Sing→ O→s R→ ing

What is emergent literacy?

The process in which students learn to read and write 

The classroom should be ___________ rich, and the print should be varied, _____________, and significant to the students.

print and functional

Students with ___________ know how to handle a book, where on a page to begin reading, and the difference between a letter and a word.

print awareness 

Did you know that _______ in kindergarten appears to be an excellent predictor of successful reading acquisition? This means that the extent to which children acquire phonemic awareness in kindergarten reasonably well predicts their ability to read in later grades. 

phonemic awareness 

Phonics take place in ______ langauge.

written

Phonemic awareness takes place in ______ langauge.

oral

What is print referencing?

A read aloud strategy that can be used to direct students attention to forms, features, functions of written langauge 

How can we promote print awareness?

-Label the classroom

-Read aloud regularly 

-Book handeling skills 

Multisensory Instruction

Help students learn and recall letter shapes

The learning of letter sounds is quite ______ than the learning of letter shapes and names.

different 

What are print concepts?

-Print carries meaning 

-Space sepperate words

-Words from sentences 

-Parts of book

How should we introduce a potentially confusing letter?

-Movement

-Connect sound 

-Compare after master (b and d)

What are the letter pairs whose forms are almost identical in upper-and lowercase?

Cc, Oo, Pp, Ss, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Zz

How do children typically start learning about letter knowledge?

-Multisensory

-Print awareness

-Letters by sight 

-Letters to sounds

What is phonological similarity?

Number of phonemes that pairs of letter names share in same position

As students are taught how to recognize letters, they should also learn how to _________ those letters.

write 

To become proficient in the task of handwriting, young students need ______ instruction in letter formation with plenty of guided practice.

explicit

What is a continuous stroke?

Only lift pencil when neccessary

When handwriting, students should be aware of proper

___________, ____________, and ___________.

handwriting posture, paper position, pencil grip

What are Spear-Swerling & Wolf’s suggestions for teaching handwriting?

-Consistent formation

-Motor patterns 

-Similar shaped letters together 

What are the components of letter knowledge?

-Letter names 

-Letter shapes 

-Letter sounds 

What is execution, legibility, and speed of handwriting?

E- Correct and consistent pencil hold, posture, letter formation

L- Readability of letters and shaping between them

S- In future can complete tasks affectively 

What is letter recognition?

Ability to identifiy and name letters correctly when you see upper/lower case and can ditinguish between them

What is the process for teaching and modeling new letters?

-Uppercase first

-Letters that are similar (b,d) (m,n) should not be introduced in proximity

-Trace with finger (down then up and around)

-”This is letter P.” “What letter is this” 

-Examples around the room and in real world 

What are the habits that lead to good handwriting?

-Posture: sit, feet flat, back straight, lean forward, bend and rest arm, hold head straight

-Paper position: paper in front of you. Free hand to hold paper in place

-Pencil grip: 1 inch from point. First join in middle finger. Thumb and pointer hold it

What are the steps of guided practice in handwriting instruction?

-Trace letter with finger 

-Trace letter with pencil 

-Copy letter with finger 

-Copy letter with pencil 

As with uppercase letter shapes, students often confuse lower-case letter shapes that are visually similar; these letters should not be introduced in _________.

proximity

To develop letter recognition, students should be able to match __________ and __________ letters.

uppercase and lowercase

What is phonological awareness?

Working with whole words orally

What is a phoneme?

Individual sounds

Phonemic awareness is ___________ the same as phonics.

not 

Phonological awareness skills by level (the skill name, description, and example).

-Word: sentences are made up of words. “I see a dog” 4

-Syllable: Words are made up of syllables, break words to syllables or blend syllables to make a word. “but-ter-fly” butterfly 3

-Onset-rime: Beggining sound (onset) and rest of the word (rime). Big Onset-B Rime-ig

-Phoneme: Individual sounds. dog /d/ /o/ /g/ 

Phonological awareness instruction should be explicit. Instruction should include clear expectations, teacher _________ of tasks, and sufficient opportunity for student practice.

modeling 

What does it mean for phonological awareness to be systematic?

Progress from easier to more difficult tasks

What are the stop sounds

/b/ /d/ /g/ /u/ /j/ /k/ /p/ /t/

What are the continuous sounds

/f/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /r/ /s/ /v/ /w/ /y/ /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/

The most reliable and informative method of assessing phonological awareness is _______.

in-depth individual testing