AP European History Unit 6

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Factors of Industrial Revolution

Agricultural revolution

Zolverein

2nd Industrial Revolution

A wave of late 19th century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States. (3.1.III)

What were some new industries that developed during the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Chemical industry Electricity and utilities Automobile industry Leisure travel Bicycles Professional and leisure sports (3.2.IV.B)

Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851

Built by British for the industrial fair in London to showcase British know

Bessemer Process

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856. (3.1.III.B)

telegraph

A device for rapid, long

Steamship

The 19th century had new forms of transportation. This new type of water transportation used steam instead of sails. (3.1.III.B)

Factory Act of 1833

limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours

Mines Act of 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten. (3.2.III.B)

Repeal of Corn Laws 1846

Can now buy grain wherever it is cheapest. Factory owner can now pay them less. Jeremy benthans followers pushed for this in parliament; purchasing power. (3.1.I.C)

Ten Hours Act of 1847

limited the workday to 10 hours for women a and children who worked in factories (3.2.III.B)

What were some of the examples of political parties based off of labor unions that advocated for social and economic reforms in 19th century Europe?

German Social Democratic Party (1863

What were some of the urban reforms in 19th century Europe?

improved sanitation sewage/water systems public lighting parks public transportation compulsory public education (3.3.II.B)

What were some of the examples of non government reform movements that assisted the poor and worked to end serfdom and slavery?

The Sunday School movement The temperance movement British abolitionist movement Josephine Butler (3.3.III.D)

Irish Potato Famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States. (3.2.V)

Causes of the Revolutions of 1848?

*Widespread crop failure, rising prices of food, and growing unemployment helped fuel demands for change *new ideologies (liberalism, socialism, marxism, nationalism). *Conservative leaders refused to respond to the problems and social tensions created by industrialization and urbanization.

Outcome of the Revolutions of 1848

Primarily a shift back to government conservationism and reversing reforms BUT in some cases these revolutions laid the groundwork for later social and political changes

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property

Jeremy Bentham

(1748

John Stuart Mill (1806

Chartist Movement

In 19th century Britain, members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all men (3.3.1.B)

Flora Tristan (1803

Conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion; advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes. (3.3.I.C and 3.3.III.C)

Edmund Burke (1729

Joseph de Maistre

(1753

Socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. (3.3.I.D)

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle; A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches. (3.3.I.D)

Henri de Saint

Simon

Frederich Engels

German philosopher who worked with Karl Marx to develop Marxism, and helped write a couple of books that outlined the ideals of Marxism and communism, and how the world will advance toward it. (3.3.I.D)

Clara Zetkin

German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party (1857

Rosa Luxemburg

Polish

Anarchists

asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation. (3.3.I.E)

Nationalism

Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti

Grimm Brothers

collected and published local German fairy tales, work is example of Romantic German nationalism (3.3.I.F)

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine developed late in the century as a response to growing anti

Theodor Herzl

German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people. (3.3.I.G)

Feminism

The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men; Feminists pressed for legal,economic, and political rights for women as well as improved working conditions. (3.3.III.C)

British Women's Social and Political Union

founded by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903 and fought for women's right to vote (3.3.III.C)

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Casper David Friedrich

German romantic artist who emphasized mystery in God and nature; painted Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon. The Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog

Ludwig van Beethoven

This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music

Frederich Chopin

Polish composer who lived most of his life in Paris, primarily wrote for piano, considered to be a child prodigy; Romanticism music

William Wordsworth

Leader of English Romanticism who published works in the countryside

Mary Shelley

Author of Frankenstein; Romantic writer

Positvism

the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation; science alone provides knowledge, emphasized the rational and scientific analysis of nature and human affairs. (3.6.II.A)

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be; depicted the lives of rdinary people and drew attention to social problems. (3.6.II.D)

Sergei Witte

A tough finance minister who thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness

Stolypin

in Russia; the chief advisor to Nicholas II; makes important agrarian reforms that dissolved the village ownership of land and opened the door to private ownership by enterprising peasants

Crimean War

(1853

Frankfurt Assembly

German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany

Suffrage

the right to vote

Disraeli, Benjamin

leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working

William Gladstone

A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

France's first elected president by universal male suffrage, and developed strong nationalism like his cousin

Louis Phillipe (1830

Charles X of France

The king that succeeded Louis XVIII, and ruled from 1824 to 1830. He is not a conservative, but a reactionary. He considered himself a monarch by divine right and moved to restore lands that the Aristocrats had lost during the revolution. The French liberals wanted a legitimately constitutional regime, and when matters came to a head in 1829 Charles abandoned efforts to accommodate liberals and appointed an ultraroyalist ministry.

1830 Revolution

Charles X overthrown, middle class and laborers teamed up to accomplish this. Charles didn't have sufficient troops in Paris to end it so revolution was successful.