GEOG1000 test 2

maps

powerful tool for spatial analysis

geomatics

digtal earth mapping

cadastral maps

large scale zoomed in.

simplification

every map has been generalized depending on what the purpose of the map is.

reduction

map scale of a ratio of distance on a map to that o earth. 1:10,000

small scale

more then 1:50,000. zoomed out view, covers large areas

large scale

less then 1:50,000 zoomed in, covers small area.

3 types of maps

thematic, planimetic, topographic.

topographic

displays physical relief through contour lines and includes natural physical features and infrastructure and human made features

contour lines

slope changes in elevation per unit of horizontal distance.

gentle slope

widely spaced lines

steep slope

narrowly spaced lines

slope in degree

arcgon (run/rise)

slope in percent

rise/run x 100%

earths shape

geoid

geoid

theoretical sea level which extends through continents it is not smooth.

datum

geographical and UTM coordinates system are positioned on the shape of the world

Latitude (parallels)

angular distance measured N or S of the equator

magnetic north

where earths magnetic field points downwards, currently moving 40km per year

true north

towards the geographic north pole

declination

the difference between true N and magnetic north

Lethbridges declination

13 29’ angle

measured coordinates

in degree, min, ad sec

longitude (meridians)

angular distance measured E or W from the centre of the earth but run north to south.

leth coordinates

49 42’ N 112 49 W

rectangular grid system

made with minimal distortion over small ares

remote sensing active

emits its own energy to reflect off of a surface and back to the sensor

remote sensing passive

collects energy that is reflected or emitted from another source

7 elements of cliamte

temperature

precipitation

wind speed

wind direction

relative humidity

evaporation

insolation

Nitrongen sinks and sources

sinks; nitrongen fixation. sources; denitrification

oxygen sinks and sources

sinks; respiration and oxidation. sources; photosynthesis

carbon dioxide sinks and sources

sinks; photosynthesis. sources; respiration, decomposition, combustion

climate DALR

less then satured air 10c/km

Climate MALR

satured air 6c/km

7 influences of cliamte

1. latitude

2. altitude/eleation

3. distribution of land and sea

4. ocean currents

5. prevailing winds

6. mountain barriers

7. high and low pressure centres

atmosphere gases constant

nitrogen 78% oxygen 21% argon 0.9%

atmosphere gases variable

water vapor 0.25% carbon dioxide 0.039% ozone

greenhouse gases

they absorb and emit thermal IR radiation

types of GHG

carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone

nitrongen fixation. denitrification

sinks ands sources of nitrongen

respiration and oxidation. photosynthesis

sinks and sources of oxygen

photosynthesis. respiration, decomposition and combustion

sinks and sources of carbon dioxide

examples of latitude

incoming insolation

examples of altitude/eleation

rising air parcel expands and cools

distribution of land and sea examples

transparent vs opaque

ocean current exmaple

gulf stream

mountain barriers example

rain shadows and chinook

prevailing winds examples

jet stream ITCZ

high and low pressures centre examples

seasonal pressure patterns and barometer

Solar energy

is the principal heat source at Earth’s surface

energy deficits

In the polar region more energy is lost than gained

energy surpluses

Between the tropics more energy is gained than lost—

The imbalance of energy from the tropical surpluses and the polar deficits drives the

global circulation pattern

subtropical deserts

Greater amounts of longwave radiation are lost from

polar regions and the tropics

Lesser amounts of longwave radiation are lost over

Planetary boundary layer

energy and moisture are continually exchanged with the lower atmosphere at Earth’s surface

Microclimatology

science of physical conditions, including radiation, heat, and moisture

Net Radiation (NET R or Q*) -

sum of all radiation gains and losses at any defined location on Earth’s surface

Sensible Heat

the heat transferred back and forth between air and surface in turbulent eddies through convection and conduction within materials

Ground heating and cooling

the flow of energy into and out of the ground surface by conduction

Latent heat of vaporization

energy that is stored in water vapor as water evaporates

intertropical convergence zone

the area encircling the earth near the equator where winds originating in the northern and southern hemisphere come together

advection

is horizontal movement of air due to unequal heating of the surface

UTM easting

divided into 60, 6 wide zones

UTM norhing

divided into 8 high zones

examples of active remote sensing

RADAR/LIDAR

examples of passive remote sensing

landsat, optical systems