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maps
powerful tool for spatial analysis
geomatics
digtal earth mapping
cadastral maps
large scale zoomed in.
simplification
every map has been generalized depending on what the purpose of the map is.
reduction
map scale of a ratio of distance on a map to that o earth. 1:10,000
small scale
more then 1:50,000. zoomed out view, covers large areas
large scale
less then 1:50,000 zoomed in, covers small area.
3 types of maps
thematic, planimetic, topographic.
topographic
displays physical relief through contour lines and includes natural physical features and infrastructure and human made features
contour lines
slope changes in elevation per unit of horizontal distance.
gentle slope
widely spaced lines
steep slope
narrowly spaced lines
slope in degree
arcgon (run/rise)
slope in percent
rise/run x 100%
earths shape
geoid
geoid
theoretical sea level which extends through continents it is not smooth.
datum
geographical and UTM coordinates system are positioned on the shape of the world
Latitude (parallels)
angular distance measured N or S of the equator
magnetic north
where earths magnetic field points downwards, currently moving 40km per year
true north
towards the geographic north pole
declination
the difference between true N and magnetic north
Lethbridges declination
13 29’ angle
measured coordinates
in degree, min, ad sec
longitude (meridians)
angular distance measured E or W from the centre of the earth but run north to south.
leth coordinates
49 42’ N 112 49 W
rectangular grid system
made with minimal distortion over small ares
remote sensing active
emits its own energy to reflect off of a surface and back to the sensor
remote sensing passive
collects energy that is reflected or emitted from another source
7 elements of cliamte
temperature
precipitation
wind speed
wind direction
relative humidity
evaporation
insolation
Nitrongen sinks and sources
sinks; nitrongen fixation. sources; denitrification
oxygen sinks and sources
sinks; respiration and oxidation. sources; photosynthesis
carbon dioxide sinks and sources
sinks; photosynthesis. sources; respiration, decomposition, combustion
climate DALR
less then satured air 10c/km
Climate MALR
satured air 6c/km
7 influences of cliamte
latitude
altitude/eleation
distribution of land and sea
ocean currents
prevailing winds
mountain barriers
high and low pressure centres
atmosphere gases constant
nitrogen 78% oxygen 21% argon 0.9%
atmosphere gases variable
water vapor 0.25% carbon dioxide 0.039% ozone
greenhouse gases
they absorb and emit thermal IR radiation
types of GHG
carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone
nitrongen fixation. denitrification
sinks ands sources of nitrongen
respiration and oxidation. photosynthesis
sinks and sources of oxygen
photosynthesis. respiration, decomposition and combustion
sinks and sources of carbon dioxide
examples of latitude
incoming insolation
examples of altitude/eleation
rising air parcel expands and cools
distribution of land and sea examples
transparent vs opaque
ocean current exmaple
gulf stream
mountain barriers example
rain shadows and chinook
prevailing winds examples
jet stream ITCZ
high and low pressures centre examples
seasonal pressure patterns and barometer
Solar energy
is the principal heat source at Earth’s surface
energy deficits
In the polar region more energy is lost than gained
energy surpluses
Between the tropics more energy is gained than lost—
The imbalance of energy from the tropical surpluses and the polar deficits drives the
global circulation pattern
subtropical deserts
Greater amounts of longwave radiation are lost from
polar regions and the tropics
Lesser amounts of longwave radiation are lost over
Planetary boundary layer
energy and moisture are continually exchanged with the lower atmosphere at Earth’s surface
Microclimatology
science of physical conditions, including radiation, heat, and moisture
Net Radiation (NET R or Q*) -
sum of all radiation gains and losses at any defined location on Earth’s surface
Sensible Heat
the heat transferred back and forth between air and surface in turbulent eddies through convection and conduction within materials
Ground heating and cooling
the flow of energy into and out of the ground surface by conduction
Latent heat of vaporization
energy that is stored in water vapor as water evaporates
intertropical convergence zone
the area encircling the earth near the equator where winds originating in the northern and southern hemisphere come together
advection
is horizontal movement of air due to unequal heating of the surface
UTM easting
divided into 60, 6 wide zones
UTM norhing
divided into 8 high zones
examples of active remote sensing
RADAR/LIDAR
examples of passive remote sensing
landsat, optical systems