Science midterm

What type of magma is associated with volcanoes at divergent boundaries

Basaltic magma

What happens when an ocean plate and continental plate collide

The ocean plate subducts beneath the continental plate

What are contour lines on a map

lines that connect points of equal elevation on a map

How does the distance from an epicenter affect earthquake wave arrival times

The farther away from the epicenter, the bigger the difference in wave arrival times

What station is closer to the epicenter if Station A has a P-S interval of 3m 20s and Station B has 5m 40s?

Station A is closer

What is subduction in plate tectonics

subduction is the process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the mantle

What is the difference between oceanic and continental plates

Ocean plates are denser and thinner than continental plates, while continental plates are thicker and less dense

What is a deep-sea trench

A deep-sea trench is a long, narrow, and deep depression in the ocean floor, formed by subduction

What are the primary types of earthquake waves

P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves)

What is the Richter scale

Logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes

What is the focus of an earthquake

the focus is the point within the earth where an earthquake originates

What is the epicenter of an earthquake

The point on earths surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

What is a volcanic eruption

A volcanic eruption is the release of magma, gas, and ash from a volcano

what is the role of tectonic plates in earthquakes

Tectonic plates move and interact at their boundaries, causing stress that can lead to earthquakes

What is the force behind the movements of the plates

Convection currents

What is the movement of plates along a divergent boundary

Pulling away from eachother

When an oceanic plate and a continental plate meet, we can expect to see:

A deep-sea trench

At a transform boundary, what would we most likely find

Earthquakes

What is most likely to occur at a divergent boundary

Mid-ocean ridges

What is the name of the plate boundary in the picture

Convergent: oceanic-continental

Why does the oceanic plate subduction instead of the continental plate

It is composed of basalt, a more dense rock

On which layer of the earth do tectonic plates “float”

Mantle

Think about CONVECTION. Cool areas within the atmosphere are_________

Contracting and sinking

At which type of plate boundary does sea floor spreading occur along

Divergent

what technology was used to help scientists discover the theory of seafloor spreading

SONAR

Who was the first scientists who proposed the idea that “the Earths continents were once joined as a single landmass that broke apart and sent the continents adrift”

Alfred Wagner

What evidence was used to support the idea the continents were once joined together as a supercontinent

Rock formations, fossils, ancient glacial deposits

Which fault block is the footwall in the picture below

The block on the right

What type of fault is shown below

Normal fault

What type of stress creates a normal fault

Tension

What type of plate boundary is associated with a normal fault

Divergent

Which fault block is the footwall?

The right block

What type of fault is this? What type of stress creates it? What plate boundary is associated with it ?

Reverse fault. It is created by compression stress. Associated with convergent boundaries

What can we learn by studying seismic waves

The earthquakes measurement of the Richter scale, distance to the epicenter, and the layers of earths interior

The p waves arrive at a seismic station 7 mins and 40 seconds before the S waves, how far away is the station from the epicenter(use travel time graph)

5800 km

A seismogram is located 4800 kilometers away from the epicenter of an earthquake, what is the difference in time between when the P-waves reach the seismogram and the S-waves reach the seismogram?(use travel time graph)

6 min 40 sec

How many seismic stations do you need to locate the epicenter of an earthquake

3

Aluminum is extracted from the mineral bauxite, to make a variety of items from profit. Bauxite would be an example of an_______

Ore

A mineral that breaks along a rough surface is called a fracture; true or false

True

Fluorescence and magnetism are considered a minerals luster; true or false

False

The least useful property for identifying minerals is_______

Color

The color of a mineral when powdered is ________

Streak

An unknown mineral scratches feldspar and is scratched by corundum. What can you conclude about this minerals hardness

1-2

When describing luster, which two terms do we use?

Metallic or non-metallic

What do copper , gold, silver, sulfur, and graphite have in common

They are all native elements/ minerals

What is the best way to determine if a mineral sample is calcite or quartz

Place a drop of acid on the mineral

Where is magma located

Below the earths surface

Igneous rocks that cool quickly on the earths surface are ______

Extrusive igneous rocks

What is the texture and name of this igneous rock

Vesicular; pumice

If a volcano forms where the pacific plate and the North American plate meet, what type of magma will you expect it to erupt

Andesetic

If a volcano forms at an oceanic hot spot, which type of volcano would you expect to form

Shield

If a volcano forms where plates spread apart, what kind of eruption will you expect to see

Quiet/flowy

Where do most volcanoes form

At plate boundaries

hot spot(continental ) zone

Forms far from plate boundaries, creates rhyloric magma and explosive eruptions

Which magma type do we have if it is 50-60 percent silica

Andesetic

Rhyolitic (crust type, zone, magma temp, silica content, viscosity, eruption,)

Continental crust. Hotspot zone. Low magma temp. High silica content. High viscosity. Explosive.

Andesetic(crust type, zone, magma temp, silica, viscosity, eruption)

Oceanic + Continental crust, convergent zone, medium magma temp, medium viscosity, medium silica. Moderately explosive eruptions

What process is this: When the weight of overlying layers squeezes the sediments together

Compaction

What bedding does this show

Graded bedding

varve

Annual sediment layer

What type of bedding is shown in the picture

Cross bedding

Organic sedimentary rock

Made from organic materials (plants, animals)

Clastic sedimentary rock

Formed from broken pieces of older weathered and eroded rocks

Chemical sedimentary rock

Forms when water traveling through rock dissolves some minerals

Limestone dissolves in rainwater

Chemical weathering

Acid is spilled on a marble counter top

Chemical weathering

The more fractures in a rock, the faster it weathers; true or false

True

What type of metamorphism is happening in the picture

Contact metamorphism

Regional metamorphism

metamorphism affecting rocks over an extensive area as a result of the large-scale action of heat and pressure.

Which term best describes the texture of this rock

Foliated

The temperature and pressure during formation of metamorphic rock is so great that rock actually melts before becoming the new rock; true or false

False

Which type of rock could become metamorphic

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

What type of earth science: California uses a wide range of renewable energy resources to meet its clean energy goals, and promote sustainable energy use

Environmental science

What type of earth science: stratus clouds are “blanket-like” in their appearance

Meteorology

What type of science: the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy

Astronomy

What type of science: the Labrador current is a cold current in the North Atlantic Ocean which flows from the Arctic Ocean south along the coast of Labrador and passes around Newfoundland, continuing south along the east coast of Canada near Nova Scotia.

Oceanography

What type of science: slicing through the center of Iceland is the mid-Atlantic ridge, this is the boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates

Geology

What type of map is shown in the picture

Topographic map

Cinder cone volcanoes

Cinder Cone Volcanoes are steep, conical hills with a bowl-shaped crater at the summit, formed from the accumulation of ejected lava fragments during explosive eruptions. They typically have basaltic magma, leading to fluid lava flows and are often associated with divergent plate boundaries and hot spots.

Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes)

* Shape: Large, cone-shaped volcanoes with steep slopes and a layered structure. * Formation: Built up by alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits (ash, cinders, etc.). * Magma: Andesitic (intermediate silica content), leading to explosive eruptions. * Plate Boundary: Primarily associated with convergent plate boundaries (where plates collide).

What are Shield Volcanoes?

Shield Volcanoes are broad, gently sloping volcanoes with a shield-like appearance, formed by the accumulation of highly fluid basaltic lava flows. They are commonly found at divergent plate boundaries and hot spots.