Lab Exam 1

F: Function L: Location

Abdominal

Torso (Stomach Area)

Acromial

Shoulder

Antebrachial

Forearm

Antecubital

Inside of elbow

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Should to elbow (Arm)

Buccal

Cheek

Calcaneal

Heel

Carpal

Wrist

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck

Coxal

Hip

Crual

Middle of leg (Front)

Digital

Toes/Fingers

Femoral

Femur (Thigh)

Fibular

Outside of leg

Frontal

Forehead

Gluteal

Butt

Hallux

Big Toe

Inguinal

Pelvic region

Lumbar

Outside lower spine

Mammary

Breast

Manus

Hand

Mental

Chin

Nasal

Nose

Occipital

Back of head

Olecranal

Back of elbow

Oral

Mouth

Orbital

Eyes

Otic

Ear

Palmar

Palm

Patellar

Knee

Pedal

Foot

Pelvic

Pelvis Region

Plantar

Bottom of foot

Pollex

Thumb

Popliteal

Back of knee

Pubic

Genital area

Sacral

Middle lower back

Scapular

Either side of vertebral (back)

Sternal

Middle Chest

Sural

Middle back of leg

Tarsal

Ankle

Thoracic

Chest

Umbilical

Belly button

Vertebral

Middle of back

What is the Anatomical Position?

Standing up straight, looking ahead, with the palms facing forward

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right halves

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves

Superior (cranial)

Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above

ex: The head is superior to the abdomen

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower end of a structure or the body; below

ex: The navel is inferior to the chin

Ventral (anterior)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

ex: The breastbone is ventral(anterior) to the spine

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

ex: The heart is dorsal(posterior) to the breastbone

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

ex: The heart is medial to the arm

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

ex: The arms are lateral to the chest

Intermediate

Between and more medial and a more lateral structure

ex: The collar bone is intermediate to the breastbone and shoulder

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

ex: the knee is distal to the thigh

Superficial (external)

\n Toward or at the body surface

ex: the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

ex: the lungs are deep to the skin

What are the two body cavities?

Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity

Dorsal Cavity

Houses and protects the brain and spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Houses and protects the internal organs (heart, lungs, stomach)

What are the subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity?

Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Cavity

Cranial Cavity

contains the brain

Vertebral Cavity

Contains the spinal cord

What are the subdivisions of the Ventral Cavity?

The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, and the pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains the digestive visera, and the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

Where are the serous membranes located?

In the organs of the ventral cavity

Serous Membranes

A thin double layered membrane; the layer adhering to the organ is called the visercal serosa and the layer adhering to the body wall is the parietal serosa. The layers are separated by a thin layer of serous fluid, which helps to reduce friction between the membrane

ex: think of a fist in a ballon--the outer ball wall is the parietal serosa, the air is the serous fluid, and the inter balloon wall is the viseral serosa

Right Upper Quadrant (left upper side of pic)

Contains the liver and gallbladder

Left Upper Quadrant (right upper side of pic)

Contains the stomach and spleen

Right Lower Quadrant (left lower side of pic)

Contains the colon

Left Lower Quadrant (right lower side of pic)

Contains the large intestine

What are the 10 body systems?

integumentary, skeletal, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, urinary

Integumentary System

Protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D

ex: Hair, Skin, Nails

Skeletal System

protects and supports body organs, framework for the muscles

ex: joints, bones

Muscular System

maintains posture, and produces heat

ex: skeletal muscles

Nervous System

control system of the body, activating appropriate muscles and glands

ex: spinal cord, nerves, brain

Endocrine System

secrete hormones that regulate growth

ex: thymus, pancreas

Cardiovascular System

transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, waste

ex: blood vessels, heart

Lymphatic System

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

ex: spleen, lymph nodes

Digestive System

breaks down food into absorbable units

ex: stomach, liver

Urinary System

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

ex: urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive System

production of offspring

ex: testis, ovaries

The most basic structure and functional component of living organisms

cells

Plasma Membrane

exterior most boundary of the cell. Semi-permeable and allows molecules and fluids to travel through its phospholipid bilayer

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

Glycolipids, cholesterol, proteins

Glycolipids

found on the outer portion of the plasma membrane, important for cell identification

Glycocalyx

Surface of cell membrane

Tells immune system that the cell is good

Cholesterol

integral to maintaining the structure of the membrane

Proteins

aid in enzymatic activities, and transfer of ions and molecules

What are the two ways substances cross the plasma membrane?

Passive transport and active transport

What are the subdivisions of passive transport?

diffusion and filtration

Diffusion

the tendency of molecules or ions in a solution to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

What are the types of diffusion?

Simple diffusion, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, channel-mediated facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Tonicity

the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering it internal water volume

Isotonic

cells retain their normal size and shape; contains the same solute concentration inside the cell as outside the cell