Standing up straight, looking ahead, with the palms facing forward
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections
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Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into left and right halves
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Transverse/Horizontal Plane
Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves
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Superior (cranial)
Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above
ex: The head is superior to the abdomen
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Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower end of a structure or the body; below
ex: The navel is inferior to the chin
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Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
ex: The breastbone is ventral(anterior) to the spine
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Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
ex: The heart is dorsal(posterior) to the breastbone
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Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
ex: The heart is medial to the arm
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Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
ex: The arms are lateral to the chest
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Intermediate
Between and more medial and a more lateral structure
ex: The collar bone is intermediate to the breastbone and shoulder
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Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
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Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
ex: the knee is distal to the thigh
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Superficial (external)
\n Toward or at the body surface
ex: the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
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Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
ex: the lungs are deep to the skin
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What are the two body cavities?
Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity
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Dorsal Cavity
Houses and protects the brain and spinal cord
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Ventral Cavity
Houses and protects the internal organs (heart, lungs, stomach)
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What are the subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity?
Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Cavity
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Cranial Cavity
contains the brain
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Vertebral Cavity
Contains the spinal cord
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What are the subdivisions of the Ventral Cavity?
The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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Thoracic Cavity
Contains the superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, and the pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
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Abdominopelvic cavity
Contains the digestive visera, and the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum
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Where are the serous membranes located?
In the organs of the ventral cavity
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Serous Membranes
A thin double layered membrane; the layer adhering to the organ is called the visercal serosa and the layer adhering to the body wall is the parietal serosa. The layers are separated by a thin layer of serous fluid, which helps to reduce friction between the membrane
ex: think of a fist in a ballon--the outer ball wall is the parietal serosa, the air is the serous fluid, and the inter balloon wall is the viseral serosa
Protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D
ex: Hair, Skin, Nails
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Skeletal System
protects and supports body organs, framework for the muscles
ex: joints, bones
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Muscular System
maintains posture, and produces heat
ex: skeletal muscles
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Nervous System
control system of the body, activating appropriate muscles and glands
ex: spinal cord, nerves, brain
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Endocrine System
secrete hormones that regulate growth
ex: thymus, pancreas
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Cardiovascular System
transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, waste
ex: blood vessels, heart
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Lymphatic System
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
ex: spleen, lymph nodes
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Digestive System
breaks down food into absorbable units
ex: stomach, liver
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Urinary System
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
ex: urinary bladder, urethra
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Reproductive System
production of offspring
ex: testis, ovaries
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The most basic structure and functional component of living organisms
cells
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Plasma Membrane
exterior most boundary of the cell. Semi-permeable and allows molecules and fluids to travel through its phospholipid bilayer
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What are the components of the plasma membrane?
Glycolipids, cholesterol, proteins
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Glycolipids
found on the outer portion of the plasma membrane, important for cell identification
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Glycocalyx
Surface of cell membrane
Tells immune system that the cell is good
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Cholesterol
integral to maintaining the structure of the membrane
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Proteins
aid in enzymatic activities, and transfer of ions and molecules
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What are the two ways substances cross the plasma membrane?
Passive transport and active transport
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What are the subdivisions of passive transport?
diffusion and filtration
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Diffusion
the tendency of molecules or ions in a solution to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached
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What are the types of diffusion?
Simple diffusion, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, channel-mediated facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
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Tonicity
the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering it internal water volume
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Isotonic
cells retain their normal size and shape; contains the same solute concentration inside the cell as outside the cell