Biol 2030 lec exam two

Functions of the Circulatory system:

protection and regulation, limit the spread of infection, destroy cancer cells, neutralize toxins, and initiate clotting.

Serum

________: In blood plasma: remaining fluid when blood clots and solifs are removed identical to plasma except for absence of fibrinogen (holds blood clots together)

Erythrocytes

________ : red blood cells

platelets

Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow

Hematocrit

________- centrifuge blood to separate components.

Erythroblasts

________ multiply and synthesize hemoglobin.

Platelets

________: cell fragments from special cells in bone marrow.

Leukocytes

white blood cells

what are the two types of leukocytes

Granulocytes (with granules)-Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Agranulocytes (without granules)
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes

Optimum osmolarity

________ is achieved by bodys regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and red blood cells.

Hemopoietic tissues

________ produce blood cells.

Circularity system

________: consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

circularity system

consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

cardiovascular system

refers to only the heart and blood vessels

Liquid connective tissue

cells and extracellular matrix

Plasma

Matrix of blood, clear light yellow fluid

Formed elements

blood cells (red, white, and platelets)

Hematocrit

centrifuge blood to separate components

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Platelets

cell fragments from special cells in bone marrow

Leukocytes

White blood cells

serum

remaining fluid when blood clots and solifs are removed identical to plasma except for absence of fibrinogen (holds blood clots together)

Albumins

Smallest and most abundant; influences blood pressure, bloodflow, an fluid balance

Globulins (antibodies)

provide immune functuons

Fibrinogen

precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

Viscosity

Resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles

Osmolarity

total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

Hypoprotenimia

deficiency of plasma proteins

Kwashiorkor

children with severe protein deficiency

Hemopoiesis

production of blood

colony

forming unit- specialized stem cells only producing one class of formed element of blood

Lack of nucleus

no mitosis

lack of mitocondria

anarobic resperitaion

Gas transport

major function

Erythroopoiesis (EPO)

RBC production

what settles first in a Hematocrit

Erythrocytes

plasma

liquid portion of blood

Three major categories of plasma proteins

Albumins, globulins, and fibrogen

Albumins

-smallest and most abundant
-contribute to viscosity and osmolarity
-influences blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance
(found in plasma)

what makes proteins?

liver

Globulins

Provide immune system functions (found in plasma)

Fibrinogen

________: precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots.

Na+

Makes up 90% of plasma cations

Osmolarity

________: total molarity of those dissolved particles that can not pass through the blood vessel wall.

Viscosity

________: Resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles.

what happens if blood osmolarity is too high

Blood absorbs to much water, increasing blood pressure

what happens if blood osmolarity is to low?

too much water stays in tissues, blood pressure drops, edema occurrs

hypoproteinemia

Deficiency of plasma proteins
-extreme starvation
- Liver or kidney disease
-severe burns

kwashiorkor

severe malnutrition in children resulting from a diet excessively high in carbohydrates and low in protein
- thin arms
- distended abdomen

Hemopoietic tissues

produces blood cells

Hemopiesis

production of blood

Yolk sac

________ produces stem cells for first blood cells.

Pluripotent stem cells

Hemocytoblasts or hemopoietic stem cells

colony forming unit

Specialized stem cells only producing one class of formed element of blood

Myeloid hemopoiesis

Blood formation in the blood marrow

Lymphoid hemopoiesis

blood formation in the lymphatic organs

Two principle functions of Erythocytes

-Carry O2 from lungs to cell tissue
-Pick up CO2 from tissues and bring it to the cells

Insuificient RBC

________ can cause death in minutes due to lac of oxygen to tiussues.

RBC Lacks:

-Mitochondria; Anaerobic resp.
-Nucleus; no mitosis

what does O2 bing to in RBC

Hemoglobin

Carbonic anhydrase

Produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water

Hemoglobin has:

-4 protein chains (globins)
-4 heme groups, Fe at its center each carrying one O2

How many O2 molecules can bind to hemoglobin

4 (4 heme groups with 1 iron in the middle)

why do men have more hemoglobin and RBCs?

Women menstrual cycles and gain fat in puberty

Erythroopoiesis (EPO)

RBC formation- made by kidneys

Erythrocyte production in order:

Pluripotent stem cell--->colony forming unit (CFU)---->precursor cells (erythroblasts-->reticulocytes)---->mature cell

Reticulocyte discards

________ neuculus to make room for hempoglobemn.

RBC lifespan

120 days
-development takes 3-5 days

CFU

colony-forming unit: has receptors from EPO from kidneys

Erythroblasts

multiply and synthesize hemoglobin

nucleus discarded from:

reticulocyte

Iron metabolism:

1. Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested
2. Stomach acid converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
3.Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
4. Gastroferritin transports Fe2+ to small intestine and releases it for absorbtion
5. in blood plasma, Fe2+ binds to transferrin
6. in liver, some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage
7. Fe2 binds to apoferritin to be stored as ferritin
8. Remaning transferritin is distributed to other organs where Fe2+ is used to make hemoglobin, myoglobin, ect

Erythrocyte negative feedback

drop in RBC count

Low RBC causes

Hypoxemia- Low O2 in blood. detected by kidneys

Kidney production of erthrroprotein

________ stimulates bone marrow to increase RBC

Stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis

-High altitude
-hypoxemia
-increase exercise
-Loss of lung tissue in emphysema

Steps in Erythrocyte homeostasis

1. hypoxemia is sensed by the liver and kidneys

2. secretion of EPO from kidneys

3. stimulation of red bone marrow

4. accelerated erythropoiesis (formation of red blood cells)

5. increased RBC count

6. increased O2 transport

The spleen is considered the

RBC graveyard

what is in the spleen that digest RBC

Macrophages

hemolysis

RBC rupture

what two things doe macrophages split RBCs into

HEME and GLOBIN

what happens to heme in RBC death

1. Splits into Fe or Bilirubin
2.1. Fe is reused
2.2. Bilirubin (yellow) goes into blood
3. Bilirubin is removed by liver and secreted into bile

What happens to Globin in RBC death

Turns into amino acids and reused

Polycythemia

An excess of red blood cells

What are the two types of polycythemia and what makes them different?

Primary Polycythemia: cancer of erythropietic cell line in red bone marrow. RBC= up to 11 million

Secondary Polycythemia: From dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning. RBC= up to 8 million

Dangers of polycythemia are...

Increased blood volume, pressure, and viscosity. Can lead to embolism, stoke, or heart failure

Anemia

low RBC

Three causes of anemia are... ?

Inadequate EPO or Hemoglobin synthesis, Hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding, or Hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

three potential consequences of anemia

1. Tissue hypoxia and necrosis
- pt lethargic
- shortness of breath
- Life-threatening necroisis of brain, heart, or kidney

2. blood osmolarity is reduced, producing tissue edema
3. Blood viscosity is low- Heart races and pressure drops

Sickle Cell Disease

A hereditary defect that occurs primarily in African descent is caused by a fault on the 6th amino acid of the beta chain.

HbS does not bind oxygen well RBC becomes rigid, sticky, and pointed at the end. They clump together and block small blood vessels.

dangers of sickle cell disease

full carriers will most likely die without the help of medical treatment. can cause Kidney or heart failure, stroke, joint pain, or paralysis.

What causes different blood types?

RBC antigens (also known as agglutinogens)

what determines what antigens you have

Glycolipids on RBC surfaces

what happens if a different blood type enters your blood?

Antibodies ( also called aggluitinins) attack the antigens of the opposite blood

What is an Rh group?

Depends on the D antigen being present. Decides if your blood is + or -.

Hemolytic disease of newborn

Can occur if an Rh- mother has formed antibodies against.

Neutrophils

Granulocyte- aggressively antibacterial

Eosinophils

Granulocyte- Release enzymes to destroy large parasites. Also helps fight allergies

Basophils

Granulocyte- Secretes histimane and heparin. increased in chicken pox, sinitus, diabeties

lymphocytes

Agranulocytes- destroys cells ( cancer, forigen, ect.)