सभ्यतानाम् इतिहासः
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Q: When did agriculture begin in human history?
A: Around 10,000 years ago, leading to settled communities and civilizations.
Q: What are the four major river valley civilizations discussed?
A: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus-Sarasvati, and China.
Q: Where was Mesopotamian civilization located?
A: Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern-day Iraq).
Q: What writing system did the Sumerians develop?
A: Cuneiform.
Q: Who founded the first known empire in Mesopotamia?
A: King Sargon of Akkad.
Q: Along which river did the Egyptian civilization flourish?
A: The Nile River.
Q: What is Egypt known for architecturally?
A: Pyramids, the Sphinx, and temples like that of Ramses.
Q: Which rivers supported early Chinese civilization?
A: Yangtze and Yellow (Huang He) rivers.
Q: What is the earliest known Chinese dynasty?
A: The Shang Dynasty (~1600 BCE).
Q: What rivers supported the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization?
A: Indus and Sarasvati rivers.
Q: Who discovered Harappa and when?
A: Dayaram Sahni in 1920.
Q: Name three major cities of the Indus-Sarasvati civilization.
A: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Lothal.
Q: What is Lothal famous for?
A: One of the world's earliest dockyards.
Q: What evidence connects Kalibangan to Vedic rituals?
A: Presence of fire altars (yajna vedis).
Q: What was Dholavira known for?
A: Advanced water conservation and urban planning.
Q: What material did the Harappans first use for clothing?
A: Cotton (kapāsas).
Q: What were Harappan seals made of?
A: Mostly terracotta and stone; often had animal motifs and pictographs.
Q: What suggests Harappans had advanced mathematics?
A: Use of standardized weights, measures, and base-10 number system.
Q: With whom did Harappans trade overseas?
A: Mesopotamians, where they were known as 'Meluhans'.
Q: What caused the decline of the Indus-Sarasvati civilization?
A: Climate change, drying of the Sarasvati River, natural disasters, and migration.
Q: What does recent evidence from Sinauli suggest about Harappans?
A: They had knowledge of chariots and weapons—refuting the 'peaceful-only' theory.
Q: What’s the link between Harappans and Vedic culture?
A: Many scholars now believe there was continuity rather than abrupt invasion; the Aryan invasion theory is largely debunked.