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20th century
Modern means architecture developed during the ________ that expresses geometric, ordered forms.
main prayer
Almost all mosques are built on an angle that places the ________ area toward Mecca.
small number
There are a(n) ________ of major language families represented by the early or prehistoric language roots.
Temples
________ in Southeast Asia tend to have several towers with thin pointed spires that point outward at an angle.
Koran and Hadith
Not all Middle- Eastern states are republics or monarchies that abide by Sharia, or Islamic law, based on the ________.
single government
State: a population represented by a(n) ________.
Culture
the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group of people who have a common heritage
Cultural synthesis (syncretism)
the blending together of two or more cultural influences
EX
Country music is often thought of as a product of American culture and is strongly tied to folk music traditions
Modern and contemporary architecture
when new buildings are constructed using innovative designs
(EX
the rectangular steel and glass skyscrapers built in the 1970s-1980s)
incorporates green energy technologies, recycled materials, or nontraditional materials (EX
metal sheeting on the exterior)
Postmodern
a category within contemporary that means that the design abandons the use of blocky rectilinear shapes in favor of wavy, crystalline, or bending shapes in the form of the home or building
New England
small one-story pitched-roof Cape Cod style or the irregular roof Saltbox with one long pitched roof in front and a sort of low-angle roof in back
Federalist or Georgian
refers to the housing styles of the late 1700s and early 1800s in Anglo-America
often two
or three-story urban townhomes connected to one another
The I-house
a loose form of Federalist and Georgian influence on the average family home in the United States and Canada
fireplaces on each end of the house and an even
pitched roof
Christian
traditional houses of worship tend to have a central steeple or two high bell towers in the front of the building
Hindu
temples and shrines tend to have a rectangular-shaped main body and feature one or more short towers of carved stone
Buddhist
temples and shrines vary depending on which Buddhist tradition is followed in the region
Temples and shrines in China and Japan feature one
or two-story buildings with large, curved, winged roof
Islamic
mosques can take a variety of forms, though many have central domes
Judaic
there is not a common architectural design style to synagogues
monolingual
knowing one language only
Canada is bilingual because there are two official languages
English and French
(EX
the English spoken by English people and Australian people sounds similar, there is a distinct "strain" of English spoken in Australia)
received pronunciation
Kings English or "posh" English
Cockney English
the language of the working-class areas of the East London docklands and surrounding neighborhoods, which sounds distinctly not posh
Cockney rhyming slang
an odd but humorous use of code phrases to describe everyday situations
Anatolian theory
a group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent, and their language, were for some time concentrated in the peninsula that makes up most of present-day Turkey
Kurgan theory
the same group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent instead made their way into Central Asia, and then migrated across the Eurasian stepped into Central and Western Europe, taking their language with them
folk music
music that is original to a specific culture
karma
the balance between good and evil deeds in life, determines the outcome of reincarnation
Abrahamic Tradition
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Islamic States
Theocracy, Sharia, and Secular Governance
theocracies
religious leaders hold the senior positions of governance
(EX
Iran has a supreme religious council that serves as the head of state and can overrule the elected parliament and president)
secular
not directly governed in a religious manner and, instead, often utilize French or British legal tradition and government structure
Theocracy
Iran, formerly Afghanistan under the Taliban
folklore
collected stories, spoken-word histories and writings that are specific to a culture and tell the societal histories and morality tales that define a cultures ethical foundations
(EX
Aesops fables are an example of folklore from the classical Greeks
(EX
In many parts of the Americas, a folklore has been built around the life and travels of Christopher Columbus
long-lot patterns
a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind
The Caucasoid or Indo-European
with light to dark skin tone, medium body type, and wavy hair shaft
the Negroid or African
with a dark skin tone, medium body shape, and a curly hair shaft
possibilism
the revised concept proposed by Sauer and other like-minded geographers that stated cultures were to a partial degree shaped by their environment and the material resources available to them
lebensraum
the living space for each distinct nation was based upon the optimal physical geography of the culture group
neo-Nazism
based on violent racism against non-whites and immigrants or violet expression of xenophobia
ethnocentrism
the belief in the superiority of ones nation or ethnic group, and in the inferiority of other nations or ethnic groups
cultural relativism
the idea that an individuals beliefs and activities can only be understood in the context of that persons culture
internal identity
used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share their heritage or place of origin
external identity
used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background
culture regions
an area of bounded space with a homogeneous characteristic that can be one or more components of culture
fuzzy borders
cultural regions tend to have this because its hard to tell where one cultural region ends and another begins
(EX
where Dixie ends and the American Northeast or Midwest begins)