Chapter 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

20th century

Modern means architecture developed during the \________ that expresses geometric, ordered forms.

main prayer

Almost all mosques are built on an angle that places the \________ area toward Mecca.

small number

There are a(n) \________ of major language families represented by the early or prehistoric language roots.

Temples

\________ in Southeast Asia tend to have several towers with thin pointed spires that point outward at an angle.

Koran and Hadith

Not all Middle- Eastern states are republics or monarchies that abide by Sharia, or Islamic law, based on the \________.

single government

State: a population represented by a(n) \________.

Culture

the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group of people who have a common heritage

Cultural synthesis (syncretism)

the blending together of two or more cultural influences

EX

Country music is often thought of as a product of American culture and is strongly tied to folk music traditions

Modern and contemporary architecture

when new buildings are constructed using innovative designs

(EX

the rectangular steel and glass skyscrapers built in the 1970s-1980s)

incorporates green energy technologies, recycled materials, or nontraditional materials (EX

metal sheeting on the exterior)

Postmodern

a category within contemporary that means that the design abandons the use of blocky rectilinear shapes in favor of wavy, crystalline, or bending shapes in the form of the home or building

New England

small one-story pitched-roof Cape Cod style or the irregular roof Saltbox with one long pitched roof in front and a sort of low-angle roof in back

Federalist or Georgian

refers to the housing styles of the late 1700s and early 1800s in Anglo-America

often two

or three-story urban townhomes connected to one another

The I-house

a loose form of Federalist and Georgian influence on the average family home in the United States and Canada

fireplaces on each end of the house and an even

pitched roof

Christian

traditional houses of worship tend to have a central steeple or two high bell towers in the front of the building

Hindu

temples and shrines tend to have a rectangular-shaped main body and feature one or more short towers of carved stone

Buddhist

temples and shrines vary depending on which Buddhist tradition is followed in the region

Temples and shrines in China and Japan feature one

or two-story buildings with large, curved, winged roof

Islamic

mosques can take a variety of forms, though many have central domes

Judaic

there is not a common architectural design style to synagogues

monolingual

knowing one language only

Canada is bilingual because there are two official languages

English and French

(EX

the English spoken by English people and Australian people sounds similar, there is a distinct "strain" of English spoken in Australia)

received pronunciation

Kings English or "posh" English

Cockney English

the language of the working-class areas of the East London docklands and surrounding neighborhoods, which sounds distinctly not posh

Cockney rhyming slang

an odd but humorous use of code phrases to describe everyday situations

Anatolian theory

a group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent, and their language, were for some time concentrated in the peninsula that makes up most of present-day Turkey

Kurgan theory

the same group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent instead made their way into Central Asia, and then migrated across the Eurasian stepped into Central and Western Europe, taking their language with them

folk music

music that is original to a specific culture

karma

the balance between good and evil deeds in life, determines the outcome of reincarnation

Abrahamic Tradition

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Islamic States

Theocracy, Sharia, and Secular Governance

theocracies

religious leaders hold the senior positions of governance

(EX

Iran has a supreme religious council that serves as the head of state and can overrule the elected parliament and president)

secular

not directly governed in a religious manner and, instead, often utilize French or British legal tradition and government structure

Theocracy

Iran, formerly Afghanistan under the Taliban

folklore

collected stories, spoken-word histories and writings that are specific to a culture and tell the societal histories and morality tales that define a cultures ethical foundations

(EX

Aesops fables are an example of folklore from the classical Greeks

(EX

In many parts of the Americas, a folklore has been built around the life and travels of Christopher Columbus

long-lot patterns

a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind

The Caucasoid or Indo-European

with light to dark skin tone, medium body type, and wavy hair shaft

the Negroid or African

with a dark skin tone, medium body shape, and a curly hair shaft

possibilism

the revised concept proposed by Sauer and other like-minded geographers that stated cultures were to a partial degree shaped by their environment and the material resources available to them

lebensraum

the living space for each distinct nation was based upon the optimal physical geography of the culture group

neo-Nazism

based on violent racism against non-whites and immigrants or violet expression of xenophobia

ethnocentrism

the belief in the superiority of ones nation or ethnic group, and in the inferiority of other nations or ethnic groups

cultural relativism

the idea that an individuals beliefs and activities can only be understood in the context of that persons culture

internal identity

used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share their heritage or place of origin

external identity

used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background

culture regions

an area of bounded space with a homogeneous characteristic that can be one or more components of culture

fuzzy borders

cultural regions tend to have this because its hard to tell where one cultural region ends and another begins

(EX

where Dixie ends and the American Northeast or Midwest begins)