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Absolutism
a system of government whereby a monarch has, literally, absolute power
Anarchism
a political movement that calls for doing away with government
Capitalism
an economic system in which individuals retain control of capital
Colonialism
the concept of countries colonizing conquered lands in order to control the economic advantages of the area
Communism
a form of government and economic management system that gives absolute power to the Communist Party
Enlightened Despotism
different from Absolutism because it is secular in nature, used to organize the state from top to bottom during the Enlightenment; examples
Fascism
extreme nationalism; an economic system in which citizens work for the benefit of the state
Feudalism
a system of government and land ownership for agriculture in which vassals held and serfs worked land
Imperialism
the desire of a country to take over a foreign land for economic gain
Mercantilism
an economic development that saw countries seek to increase their holdings, as well as turn toward exporting rather than importing goods
Nationalism
the idea that people of the same religion, heritage, or ethnicity should be self-governed in a state that is solely their own
Socialism
a system of government in which the economy is managed solely by the government
Totalitarianism
a system of government whereby the state has absolute power and the individual only lives to serve the state
Cubism
an early-20th century style (practiced by Picasso, namely) that is considered the most influential movement of the 20th century
Impressionism
an art movement based in France that started around 1871; the style is characterized by visible brush strokes, openness, and depiction of light
Naturalism
a movement in literature, which followed realism and depicted human character as a social construct
Post-Modernism
an artistic, architectural, and critical movement that is earmarked by skepticism and deconstruction
Realism
a movement in art and literature following after Romanticism, marked by the desire to depict subject matter as realistically as possible
Romanticism
a movement in music, literature, and visual art that challenged the classics, depicted emotional themes
Anti-Semitism
prejudice specifically against the Jewish people
Deism
the belief that God created the Earth but holds no control over it now
Jansenism
the idea of some 17th century French Catholics who also regarded the Calvinist interpretation of Christianity
Pantheism
the idea that God and the universe are one and the same
Zionism
the idea that the Jewish people should occupy Israel
Cultural Relativism
the belief that all cultures experience the same problems and solve them in their own ways
Humanism
an intellectual and cultural movement based on readings of Greek and Roman literature during the Middle Ages
Individualism
the belief that the state is less important than the individuals who make up the state
Materialism
the thought that the only things that are real are tangible
Nihilism
the belief in nothing except for science, developed in Russia in the 1860s
Positivism
pioneered by Frenchman Auguste Comte, generally characterized by a concern with absolute facts and thorough questioning of beliefs
Radicalism
an English philosophical movement that sought parliamentary reform
Relativism
the idea that there is no absolute truth
Scholasticism
the system of logic whereby faith and reason could be reconciled; popularized by St. Thomas Aquinas
Social Darwinism
the thought that life is a struggle and the fittest will survive
Structuralism
a 1960s French intellectual movement that asserted the idea that the phenomena of life can only be understood through relationships to larger structures, so to speak
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