history final exam

recap of everything learned in honors history grade 9

Plessy v. Ferguson

Significance was that it essentially established the constitutionality of racial segregation - separate but equal.

13-15th Amendments

13th ended slavery - 14th ensured birthright citizenship - 15th grants the right to vote no matter your ethnicity or prior slave status.

Civil Disobedience & Example of it

The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a PEACEFUL form of protest - diner sit-ins, not paying taxes, blockades.

Jim Crow Laws

Mandating segregation of schools, parks, libraries, etc. - significance is that it basically completely segregated African Americans from other Americans.

Japanese Internment

The internment of Japanese-Americans based on suspicion from the government that they were associated with enemy Japanese during WW1 - significance is the total bias of the government (basically racism) and how the Japanese were given no explanation.

Women's Suffrage

Guarantees women the right to vote.

Women's Rights Movement (examples of success)

The 19th amendment becomes law (any gender can vote) - congress passes the equal pay act (prohibits pay discrimination on the basis of sex).

19th Amendment

Claimed that any gender can vote.

Political Spectrum

Label and know values: Authoritarian, Liberal, Conservative, Equality, Individual liberty, Limited constitutional government, Safety, Free markets, Tradition, Libertarian.

Immigration (experiences of Mexican and Asian American immigrants)

Mexican; racial discrimination, little huts to live in with other Mexican communities, low wages, traveling hundreds of miles to reach America, the fear of being deported on the border or just from the look that they might be an illegal citizen, and a really high need for Mexican immigrants during WW1 for more laborers. Asian; Chinese exclusion acts, agricultural jobs, Chinatown, Japanese internment camps, being deported, and racial discrimination in general.

Acculturation

The process by which an individual adjusts to a new cultural environment as a result of being placed into a new culture (keeping some things from their own culture or forgetting it all).

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born against those of immigrants.

Push and Pull Factors

Things that pull an immigrant to another country from their homeland (business opportunities, freedom of religion, etc.) and things that push immigrants away from their homeland (famines, wars, revolutions, loss of job opportunities, etc.).

Tycoons (Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Morgan)

Rockefeller was an oil tycoon that took over most oil businesses so that his oil business was the top dog (first big trust). Carnegie was the steel tycoon and was one of the reasons for the Homestead Strike. Vanderbilt created the railroad business and almost owned all of the railroads (enemy of Rockefeller). Morgan was one of the most powerful bankers and helped organize U.S. steel and financed railroads.

Watergate Scandal

President Nixon paid the White House plumbers to break into the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel and tapped phones and stole papers because Nixon was paranoid about what others were talking about and wanted to control others. This then led to new laws that limited the president's power.

Impeachment

(Nixon almost impeached but resigned before he could) impeachment is the act of trying to make a president leave his post as president because of a crime they have committed or high treason. The House accuses the president; the senate holds a trial. Johnson broke the Office of Tenure Act that said presidents were not allowed to remove federal appointees from office without consulting the Senate (wasn't thrown out because the problem was more political).

Clinton's Perjury

Clinton lied to investigators about his affair with Monice Lewinsky on oath and committed perjury.

Trump's Impeachment

Trump was impeached twice for trying to influence the voting of Joe Biden and withholding military assistance to Ukraine.

Progressive Era

The Progressive Era was a turn-of-the-century political movement focused on social and political reform, business expansion, curbing political corruption, and limiting the influence of large corporations.

Muckrakers

Muckrakers were media individuals who discovered corrupt practices within political figures and the workplace, sharing this knowledge with the public.

Ida Tarbell

Tarbell created a book revealing the secrets of the Standard Oil company and criticized Rockefeller's ruthless business practices.

Jacob Riis

Riis was a photographer who documented the living conditions of the lower classes.

Upton Sinclair

Sinclair wrote 'The Jungle,' which exposed the meat packing industry, leading to the Pure Food and Drugs Act.

Thomas Nast

Nast was a political cartoonist known for his cartoons that revealed truths about politicians, making them accessible to immigrants and the public.

Gospel of Wealth

Created by Andrew Carnegie, the Gospel of Wealth claimed that wealthy individuals should give their wealth away during their lifetime to benefit society.

Robber Baron

Robber barons were successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical.

Captain of Industry

Captains of industry is a positive term describing business people as powerful, wealthy, successful, or influential.

Knights of Labor

The Knights of Labor was a labor union open to immigrants, African Americans, women, and unskilled labor, advocating for shorter workdays, an end to child labor, and equal pay.

American Federation of Labor

The American Federation of Labor consisted of trade unions that were willing to strike for higher wages, shorter workdays, and better working conditions.

Labor Union Strategies

Labor unions employed strategies such as striking, picketing, and boycotting to advocate for workers' rights.

Impact of Labor Unions

Labor unions boosted wages, reduced wage inequality, increased voter turnout, and provided a counterbalance to wealthy interest groups.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was caused by a cigarette and a pile of clothes, leading to improvements in fire safety regulations.

Homestead Strike

The Homestead Strike was caused by poor working conditions, resulting in realization among laborers that the government was against them.

Haymarket Affair

The Haymarket Affair involved a bomb thrown into a crowd, leading to arrests and highlighting government indifference to workers' issues.

Pullman Strike

The Pullman Strike was a railroad strike against Pullman, who exerted excessive control over workers.

Traditional Economy

An economy that is based on traditional ways such as hunting and gathering.

Market Economy

An economy in which production and prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

Command Economy

An economy where the government controls the export and import of trade goods and the income of all workers.

Mixed Economy

An economic system that combines elements of both market and command economies.

Roaring 20s (the good)

A period that promoted prosperity and new opportunities for consumers, characterized by a booming economy and a higher standard of living for the middle class.

Roaring 20s (the bad)

A period that also involved significant credit card debt and stock market debt despite the booming economy.

Great Depression

A horrible economic downturn for America that led to smart financial decisions by the people and the government, sparked by the stock market crash, bank runs, Dust Bowl, credit card debt, and collapse of world trade.

Hoover vs FDR Economic Philosophy

Hoover was cautious and did nothing to change the situation, while FDR was a risk-taker who implemented the New Deal to enact significant changes.

Hoovervilles

The nickname for makeshift shelters for homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Hoover, whom people blamed for their plight.

Laissez-Faire

A hands-off economic approach where the government does nothing for the people and remains on standby.

New Deal

A series of programs and policies aimed at relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression, including 11 specific programs.

New Deal - Relief

Programs that aimed to silence people's pain instantly but did not fix underlying issues, such as the Bank Holiday and Federal Emergency Relief Act.

New Deal - Recovery

Programs designed to strengthen the economy by creating jobs, including the Civilian Conservation Corps and National Recovery Administration.

New Deal - Reform

Measures to prevent future economic downturns, such as Social Security and the Truth in Securities Act.

GI Bill

Legislation intended for WWII veterans that provided funds for college education, housing, and other programs.

Great Society

A set of programs created by Lyndon Johnson aimed at addressing the needs of minorities and fighting poverty, including Medicare.

Reaganomics

Ronald Reagan's economic policies that promoted lower tax rates, less regulation, and unrestricted free-market activity.

Medicare

A health insurance program for people age 65 years or older, part of the Great Society initiatives.

Social Security

A program designed to provide pensions for anyone who loses their income and funds for the unemployed and disabled.

Truth in Securities Act

Legislation requiring that investors be informed about stock to prevent misinformation.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A New Deal program that created jobs to help the environment.

National Recovery Administration

A New Deal agency that created codes for production, wages, and prices, urging consumers to buy from compliant companies.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal program that rebuilt the Tennessee Valley to prevent flooding and provided electricity and schools.

Works Progress Administration

A New Deal program that created jobs and promoted the arts.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

A New Deal program that paid farms to reduce production to increase prices and prevent farm closures.

Great Recession

the sharp decline in economic activity that started in 2007 and lasted several years.

Dodd-Frank Act

set in place to expand the government's power over regulating the financial sector.

TARP

A program to restore the nation's national stability and restart the financial growth of the US.

Foreign Policy

a government's strategy with dealing with other nations.

Imperialism

the foreign policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Expansionism

the belief that a country should become larger by using attacking strategies or peaceful strategies.

Isolationism

the act of having a country that does not concern itself with other foreign affairs.

Spanish American War

the cause was newspapers taking advantage of Americans' empathy for Cubans, financial interests in Cuba, and the explosion of the Maine.

Rough Riders

volunteer cavalry/horses that assisted in America's fight against Spain.

Outcomes of the Spanish American War

Cuba won their independence, Spain lost Cuba, and the US took Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines as American territory.

Latin America

they are our neighbors and what they do affects us.

Panama Canal

built to make travel more efficient for trade ships and battleships.

Problem with Panama Canal Ownership

America does not own the isthmus of the canal; Columbia does.

Solution to Panama Canal Ownership Problem

America helped Panama gain its independence.

Problem with Mosquitos in Panama Canal

the diseases they carried.

Solution to Mosquito Problem

drain the swamps and spray insecticide prior to building.

MAIN WWI Causes

militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

Militarism

development of large armed forces that dominate a country's national policy.

Alliances

pacts between countries that promise to defend each other during war.

Imperialism in WWI

desire to gain and rule colonies outside of the home country.

Nationalism

putting one's country and her interests above cooperation of other nations.

European 'Tinder Box'

Europe was ready to explode from the slightest conflict.

Domino Effect in WWI

multiple countries declaring war, one after another.

Trench Warfare Dangers

disease, mustard gas, and direct fire from being on the front lines.

Trench Foot

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to wet, sloshy ground.

Trench Mouth

An infection caused by bad bacteria in the trenches.

U-Boat Attacks

An event that led Wilson to address Congress about Germany's inhumane acts of war.

Homefront Sacrifices

Citizens bought bonds, worked in military industries, and sacrificed freedom of speech to support the war.

Wilson's 14 Points

A proposal by Wilson focused on making peace in Europe after WWI.

League of Nations

An alliance proposed by Wilson to prevent future world wars.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that required Germany to pay $300 billion and return territories to France.

Appeasement

The policy of satisfying an aggressor to maintain peace, exemplified by Chamberlain's Munich Agreement.

Pearl Harbor

The attack that was the final push for America to join WWII.

D-Day

A major win for the Americans, involving deception tactics like the Ghost Army.

Ghost Army

An army made of balloons designed to distract the Germans during D-Day.

War Strategy to Defeat Japan

Included atomic bombing, island hopping, and Navajo code talkers.

Atomic Bomb

The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that led to Japan's surrender.

Cold War

A period from 1947-1991 characterized by political tension between the Soviet Union and America without direct military conflict.

Containment/Truman Doctrine

A policy by President Truman to stop the spread of Communism by providing aid to other nations.

Hiroshima

The city where the first atomic bomb, known as 'Little Boy', was dropped.