memory

Interference

________:: inabiliy to access infromation from memory due to other similar information 'competing for retrival.

Retrieval cue

________:: any piece of info that can be used to access other info that is stored in memory.

Serial position curve

________:: shows that memory performance is usually best for items that were presented earlier or later of the encoding phase.

specificity

Encoding ________:: suggests that you encode ALL aspects of the experience like environment or how you were feeling- the context.

Recency effect

________:: memory performance is good for items ecoded last in the list.

Free recall

________ and recognition tests:: ways that researchers use to test a participants ability to remember items from an encoding phase.

Primacy effect

________:: memory performace is good for item encoded early in the list.

Fluency

________:: the ease with which an experience is processed, some easier (more ________) than others.

Attribution

________:: judgment tying together causing w effects.

Decay

________:: information is stored but then gradually fades as a function of time.

Short term memory

________:: where info is stored for the near future, but not stored permanently.

Shallow processing

________:: lil effort, focuses on superficial + physical characterisics of a stimulus; results in poor memory performance.

loss of access

Forgetting should be viewed as ________ rather than passive decay.

Deep processing

________:: more effort, focuses on semantic meaning of a stimulus; results in better memory performance.

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Paradigm

given a list of words related to the word spider

encoding

when the info is first being learned

storage

what info is being stored in the brain + how

retrieval

how we access prioro experiences to makes use of them in the present

retrieval cue

any piece of info that can be used to access other info that is stored in memory

free recall and recognition tests

ways that researchers use to test a participants ability to remember items from an encoding phase

free recall test

no additional info to help participant to remember

recognition test

participants are shown both old + new items

patient H.M.

had seizures; surgery to remove large protion of hippocampus on both sides of brain; suffered from aterograde amnesia but had normal IQ, could hv short convos + learn complex motor skills; changed the way we think about human memory

Atkinson & Shiffrin

first proposed the multi-store model in 1968

short term memory

where info is stored for the near future, but not stored permanently

Long term memory

where short term memory items can be stored permanently if it is rehearsed

7 ± 2 items

the max amt of items a person can remember in short term memory according to George Miller

chunks

what info in a set can be organized into for ease of remembering; allows ppl to store more info in short-term memory

serial position curve

shows that memory performance is usually best for items that were presented earlier or later of the encoding phase

primacy effect

memory performace is good for item encoded early in the list

recency effect

memory performance is good for items ecoded last in the list

shallow processing

lil effort, focuses on superficial + physical characterisics of a stimulus; results in poor memory performance

moderate processing

some effort, focuses on acoustic characteristics of stimulus; results in moderate memory performance

deep processing

more effort, focuses on semantic meaning of a stimulus; results in better memory performance

critisms of the levels of processing principle

1. hard to scale up

negatively accelerating forgetting curve

shows that intially we rapidly forget things then later slowly forget things

decay

information is stored but then gradually fades as a function of time

interference

inabiliy to access infromation from memory due to other similar information 'competing for retrival

Loftus study

3 real, 1 fake childhood memory; people can be convinced of fake memories

Seamon and colleagues study

repeatedly imagining an event can lead to a false memory even if its a fake memory

fluency

the ease with which an experience is processed, some easier (more fluent) than others

attribution

judgment tying together causing w effects

becoming famous overnight

shows example of misattribution