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Total Internal Reflection occurs when light meets a less dense medium at an angle of incidence larger than the __________.
critical angle
The angle of incidence which causes the angle of reflection to be __________ degrees is known as the critical angle.
90
In the Benedict Test for reducing sugars, the original colour is __________ and a positive test shows __________.
blue; orange/brick red
In the Iodine Test for starch, the original colour is __________ and a positive test shows __________.
orange/brown; blue/black
The original colour of the Biuret Test for protein is __________ and a positive test turns __________.
blue; violet/purple
For lipids, the Ethanol Test shows cloudy __________ forming upon a positive result.
emulsification
An acid has a pH of less than __________.
7
A salt is formed when the metal ions replace the __________ ions in an acid.
hydrogen
Only metals that are above __________ in the reactivity series will react with dilute acids.
hydrogen
When a dilute acid reacts with a metal, a __________ and __________ are formed.
salt; hydrogen
Neutralisation occurs when an acid and __________ react together.
base
When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, __________ and __________ are formed.
salt; water
When an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide, __________ and __________ are formed.
salt; water
When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, a __________, water, and __________ are formed.
salt; carbon dioxide
Acid turns blue litmus __________.
red
When an acid is added, methyl orange turns __________.
red
Aqueous solutions of acids contain __________ ions.
H+
Aqueous solutions of alkalis contain __________ ions.
OH-
On the pH scale, 0 is very __________ and 14 is very __________.
acidic; alkaline
Acids have a high concentration of __________ ions.
hydrogen
Alkalis have a __________ concentration of hydrogen ions.
low
Neutral solutions have a pH of __________.
7
Yellow, orange, or red colours from a universal indicator indicate ______________.
acidity
Blue or violet colours from a universal indicator indicate ______________.
alkalinity
Neutral solutions will show as __________ using a universal indicator.
green
Acids are known as __________ since they release hydrogen ions.
proton donors
Bases are known as __________ since they accept hydrogen ions.
proton acceptors
A strong acid completely __________ in aqueous solution.
dissociates
A weak acid is an acid that only __________ dissociates in aqueous solution.
partially
HCl is known as a __________ acid.
strong
Ethanoic acid is known as a __________ acid.
weak
