Light
Total Internal Reflection
Critical Angle
Food Tests
Benedict Test (reducing sugars):
Iodine Test (starch):
Biuret Test (protein):
Ethanol Teste (lipids):
Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids and Metals
Acid and Bases
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides act as bases
When an aid and base react, neutralisation occurs, forming water
When an acid reactions with a metal oxide, salt and water ar formed
When an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide, salt and water is formed
Acids and Carbonates
Litmus
Methyl Orange
PH scale
0 very acidic
14 very alkaline
Acids have a high concentration of hydrogen ions
Alkali have a low concentration of of hydroxide ions
Neutral solutions have a ph of 7
Universal indicator
yellow/orange/red indicate acidity
blue/violet indicate alkalinity
Neutral solutions will show as green
Define
Acids are known as proton donors (release hydrogen ions)
Bases are known as proton acceptors (accepts hydrogen ions)
A proton is the same as a hydrogen ion
A strong acid completely disassociates in aqueous solution
A weak acid is an acid that only partially dissociates in aqueous solution
HCL is a strong acid
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid