Sanitary Chemistry Flashcards

Flashcards based on Sanitary Chemistry lecture notes.

Amadeo Avogadro

Proposed the molecular hypothesis: "equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules" (Avogadro's principle).

Avogadro's number

6.0221367x10^23

Antoine Lavoisier

"Father of Modern Chemistry" and established the law of conservation of masses.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Discovered the nature of combustion and the adsorption of gases by charcoal. Also discovered Mn, Cl, tartaric acid, glycerin, molybdenum, barium, and lactic acid; discovered oxygen before Priestley.

Daniel Rutherford

Discovered Nitrogen in 1772

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Created the periodic table of elements; Mendelevium (atomic number 101) and the crater on the moon (Mendeleev) are named after him.

Dorothy Mary Hodgkin

Confirmed the structure of penicillin; won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her work on the structure of Vitamin B12.

Francois Raoult

Developed Raoult's Law (relates vapor pressure of a solution to the number of molecules of solute dissolved in it).

Frederick Sanger

Received Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1958 for his work on the structure of protein (insulin) and in 1980 for determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.

Friedrich Wöhler

Regarded as a pioneer of organic chemistry and best known for the synthesis of urea.

Fritz Haber

Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1918 for his work on ammonia; "Father of Chemical Warfare".

Germain Hess

Best known for his law of Thermodynamics.

Gilbert Lewis

Discovered the covalent bond, purification of heavy water, and Lewis theory of acids and bases.

Harold Clayton Urey

Best known for the discovery of deuterium and played an important role in the development of the atom bomb; Miller-Urey experiment.

Henri Moissan

Worked on isolating fluorine from its compounds.

Henry Cavendish

Discovered hydrogen, described the density of water, and determined the density of earth.

Humpry Davy

Discovered several alkalis, discovered several elements like chlorine and iodine and invented the Davy lamp (miners safety lamp).

Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff

The first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901 and was a pioneer in the field of stereochemistry.

Jacques Charles

Known for Charle's Law.

John Dalton

Pioneer of modern atomic theory.

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

He discovered Silicon, Cesium, Thorium, and Selenium. Along with Lavoisier, Boyle, and Dalton, he is known as Father of Modern Chemistry

John Priestley

Best known as co-discoverer of oxygen, invented soda water, discovered HCl, NO, CO and SO2.

Marie Curie

Discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium, established the theory of radioactivity, and the first woman to receive Nobel Prize.

Michael Faraday

Made significant contributions in the field of electrochemistry and electromagnetism and discovered the aromatic compound benzene.

Robert Boyle

Best known for Boyle's Law

Svante Arrhenius

Inventor of Litmus paper and the First person to discover the effect of global warming. His experiments focus effect of doubling of the amount of CO2 on the environment. Also made the earliest definition of molecular nature of acids and bases.

Thomas Graham

Pioneering works on dialysis and diffusion of gases

Wilhelm Ostwald

He is credited for the process of producing nitric acid by oxidizing ammonia.

William Ramsay

Discoverer of noble gases - Argon, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Helium, and Radon.

William Henry Perkin

Discovered the first aniline dye (mauveine)

Solid

A classical state of matter.

Amorphous solid

A type of solid without long-range order.

Crystalline solid

A type of solid with a highly ordered structure.

Plastic crystal

A classical state of matter that exhibits some properties of both solids and liquids.

Quasicrystal

A classical state of matter that is ordered but not periodic.

Liquid

A classical state of matter that has a definite volume but no fixed shape.

Liquid crystal

A classical state of matter with properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal.

Disordered hyperuniformity

A state of matter exhibiting unique ordering properties.

Gas

A classical state of matter with no definite volume or shape.

Plasma

A classical state of matter in which a gas becomes ionized.

Colloids

A classical state of matter with particles larger than molecules but small enough to remain suspended.

Degenerate matter

A modern state of matter under extreme pressure.

Electron-degenerate matter

A type of degenerate matter found in white dwarf stars.

Neutron-degenerate matter

A type of degenerate matter found in neutron stars.

Strange matter

A hypothetical type of degenerate matter.

Photonic matter

can be seen only in chicken eyes

Bose-Einstein condensate

A quantum state of matter formed by cooling bosons to near absolute zero.

Femionic condensate

A quantum state of matter similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate but formed by fermions.

Superconductivity

A quantum state of matter with zero electrical resistance.

Superfluid

A quantum state of matter with zero viscosity.

Supersolid

A quantum state of matter with both solid and superfluid properties.

Quantum spin liquid

A quantum state of matter with disordered spins.

String-net liquid

A quantum state of matter with exotic topological order.

Supercritical fluid

A state of matter with properties between those of a liquid and a gas.

Dropleton

A state of matter with collective quantum properties.

Jahn-Tellar metal

A state of matter with unique electronic and structural properties.

Quark-gluon plasma

A very high energy state of matter where quarks and gluons are deconfined.

Weakly symmetric matter

A very high energy state of matter with nearly symmetric weak interactions.

Strongly symmetric matter

A very high energy state of matter with strongly symmetric interactions.

Alkali metals

Group 1A (1) elements: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Alkaline earth metals

Group 2A (2) elements: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Chalcogens

Group 6A (16) elements: O, S, Se, Te, Po

Halogens

Group 7A (17) elements: F, Cl, Br, I, At

Noble gases

Group 8A (18) elements: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

H+

Hydrogen monatomic cation

Li+

Lithium monatomic cation

Na+

Sodium monatomic cation

K+

Potassium monatomic cation

Rb+

Rubidium monatomic cation

Cs+

Cesium monatomic cation

Ag+

Silver monatomic cation

NH4+

Ammonium polyatomic cation

H3O+

Hydronium polyatomic cation

Mg2+

Magnesium divalent cation

Ca2+

Calcium divalent cation

Sr2+

Strontium divalent cation

Ba2+

Barium divalent cation

Zn2+

Zinc divalent cation

Cd2+

Cadmium divalent cation

Al3+

Aluminum trivalent cation

Bi3+

Bismuth trivalent cation

H-

Hydride monatomic anion

F-

Fluoride monatomic anion

Cl-

Chloride monatomic anion

Br-

Bromide monatomic anion

I-

Iodide monatomic anion

O2-

Oxide divalent anion

S2-

Sulfide divalent anion

N3-

Nitride trivalent anion

P3-

Phosphide trivalent anion

C4-

Carbide tetravalent anion

C₂²-

Acetylide tetravalent anion

OH-

Hydroxide polyatomic anion

CN-

Cyanide polyatomic anion

NO₂-

Nitrite polyatomic anion

NO3-

Nitrate polyatomic anion

MnO4-

Permanganate polyatomic anion

ClO-

Hypochlorite polyatomic anion

ClO₂-

Chlorite polyatomic anion

ClO3-

Chlorate polyatomic anion