Sanitary Chemistry Flashcards

Scientists Who Made Significant Contributions in Chemistry

Amadeo Avogadro

• Molecular hypothesis: Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules (Avogadro's principle).

• Avogadro's number: 6.0221367 \times 10^{23}

Antoine Lavoisier

• Father of Modern Chemistry

• Established the law of conservation of masses

• Discovered the nature of combustion

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

• First person to discover the adsorption of gases by charcoal.

• Discovered Mn, Cl, tartaric acid, glycerin, molybdenum, barium, and lactic acid.

• Discovered oxygen in the air long before Priestley discovered oxygen.

Daniel Rutherford

• Discovered Nitrogen in 1772.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

• Created the periodic table of elements.

• Mendelevium (atomic number 101) and the crater on the moon (Mendeleev) are named after him.

Dorothy Mary Hodgkin

• Confirmation of the structure of penicillin.

• Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her work on the structure of Vitamin B12.

Francois Raoult

• Raoult's Law: Relates vapor pressure of a solution to the number of molecules of solute dissolved in it.

Frederick Sanger

• Received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1958 for his work on the structure of protein (insulin) and in 1980 for the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.

Friedrich Wöhler

• Regarded as a pioneer of organic chemistry and best known for the synthesis of urea.

Fritz Haber

• Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1918 for his work on ammonia.

• Father of Chemical warfare.

Germain Hess

• Best known for his law of Thermodynamics.

Gilbert Lewis

• Discovered covalent bond, purification of heavy water, and Lewis theory of acids and bases.

Harold Clayton Urey

• Best known for the discovery of deuterium and played an important role in the development of the atom bomb.

• Miller-Urey experiment: Development of organic life from non-living matter.

Henri Moissan

• Worked on isolating fluorine from its compounds.

Henry Cavendish

• Discovered hydrogen, described the density of water, and determined the density of the earth.

Humpry Davy

• Discovered several alkalis, discovered several elements like chlorine and iodine, and invented the Davy lamp (miners safety lamp).

Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff

• The first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901 and was a pioneer in the field of stereochemistry.

Jacques Charles

• Charle's Law.

John Dalton

• Pioneer of modern atomic theory.

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

• Discovered Silicon, Cesium, Thorium, and Selenium.

• Along with Lavoisier, Boyle, and Dalton, he is known as Father of Modern Chemistry.

John Priestley

• Best known as co-discoverer of oxygen, invented soda water, discovered HCl, NO, CO, and SO_2.

Marie Curie

• Discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium, established the theory of radioactivity, and the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize.

Michael Faraday

• Made significant contributions to the field of electrochemistry and electromagnetism and discovered the aromatic compound benzene.

Robert Boyle

• Best known for Boyle's Law.

Svante Arrhenius

• Inventor of Litmus paper.

• First person to discover the effect of global warming.

• His experiments focus on the effect of doubling the amount of CO_2 on the environment.

• Made the earliest definition of the molecular nature of acids and bases.

Thomas Graham

• Pioneering works on dialysis and diffusion of gases.

• He is credited for the process of producing nitric acid by oxidizing ammonia.

Wilhelm Ostwald

William Ramsay

• Discoverer of noble gases: Argon, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Helium, and Radon.

William Henry Perkin

• Discovered the first aniline dye (mauveine).

Complete List of States of Matter

Classical states

• Solid

  • Amorphous solid

  • Crystalline solid

  • Plastic crystal

  • Quasicrystal

• Liquid

  • Liquid crystal

  • Disordered hyperuniformity

• Gas

• Plasma

• Colloids

Modern States

• Degenerate matter

  • Electron-degenerate matter

  • Neutron-degenerate matter

  • Strange matter

    • can be seen only in chicken eyes

• Photonic matter

• Quantum

  • Bose-Einstein condensate

  • Femionic condensate

  • Superconductivity

  • Superfluid

  • Supersolid

  • Quantum spin liquid

  • String-net liquid

• Supercritical fluid

• Dropleton

• Jahn-Tellar metal

Very high energy states

• Quark-gluon plasma

  • weakly symmetric matter

  • strongly symmetric matter

Elements Groups

• 1A (1): Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)

• 2A (2): Alkali earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)

• 6A (16): Chalcogens (O, S, Se, Te, Po)

• 7A (17): Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At)

• 8A (18): Noble gases (or rare gases, formerly inert gases) (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

List of Common Ions

Monatomic Cations

• H^+: Hydrogen

• Li^+: Lithium

• Na^+: Sodium

• K^+: Potassium

• Rb^+: Rubidium

• Cs^+: Cesium

• Ag^+: Silver

• Mg^{2+}: Magnesium

• Ca^{2+}: Calcium

• Sr^{2+}: Strontium

• Ba^{2+}: Barium

• Zn^{2+}: Zinc

• Cd^{2+}: Cadmium

• Al^{3+}: Aluminum

• Bi^{3+}: Bismuth

Polyatomic Cations

• NH_4^+: Ammonium

• H_3O^+: Hydronium

Monatomic Anions

• H^-: Hydride

• F^-: Fluoride

• Cl^-: Chloride

• Br^-: Bromide

• I^-: Iodide

• O^{2-}: Oxide

• O_2^{2-}: Peroxide

• S^{2-}: Sulfide

• N^{3-}: Nitride

• P^{3-}: Phosphide

• C^{4-}: Carbide

• C_2^{2-}: acetylide

Polyatomic Anions

• OH^-: Hydroxide

• CN^-: Cyanide

• NO_2^-: Nitrite

• NO_3^-: Nitrate

• MnO_4^-: Permanganate

• ClO^-: Hypochlorite

• ClO_2^-: Chlorite

• ClO_3^-: Chlorate

• ClO_4^-: Perchlorate

• CH3COO^- or C2H3O2^-: Acetate

• CHO_2^-: Formate

• HCO_3^-: Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate

• HSO_3^-: Hydrogen sulfite or bisulfite

• HSO_4^-: Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate

• H2PO4^-: Dihydrogen phosphate

• SO_3^{2-}: Sulfite

• SO_4^{2-}: Sulfate

• S2O3^{2-}: Thiosulfate

• SiO_3^{2-}: Silicate

• CrO_4^{2-}: Chromate

• Cr2O7^{2-}: Dichromate

• HPO_4^{2-}: Hydrogen phosphate

• CO_3^{2-}: Carbonate

• C2O4^{2-}: Oxalate

• AsO_4^{3-}: Arsenate

• BO_3^{3-}: Borate

• PO_3^{3-}: Phosphite

• PO_4^{3-}: Phosphate

Metals with more than one ion

Charges, Names, and Formulas of Common Ions

Positive Ions (Cations)

+1 Charge

• Formula: NH_4^+

  • Name: Ammonium

• Formula: Cu^+

  • Name: Copper(I)

• Formula: Li^+

  • Name: Lithium

• Formula: K^+

  • Name: Potassium

• Formula: Ag^+

  • Name: Silver

• Formula: Na^+

  • Name: Sodium

+2 Charge

• Formula: Ba^{2+}

  • Name: Barium

• Formula: Ca^{2+}

  • Name: Calcium

• Formula: Cu^{2+}

  • Name: Copper(II)

• Formula: Fe^{2+}

  • Name: Iron(II)

• Formula: Pb^{2+}

  • Name: Lead(II)

• Formula: Mg^{2+}

  • Name: Magnesium

• Formula: Ni^{2+}

  • Name: Nickel(II)

• Formula: Sr^{2+}

  • Name: Strontium

• Formula: Sn^{2+}

  • Name: Tin(II)

• Formula: Zn^{2+}

  • Name: Zinc

+3 Charge

• Formula: Al^{3+}

  • Name: Aluminum

• Formula: Fe^{3+}

  • Name: Iron(III)

+4 Charge

• Formula: Pb^{4+}

  • Name: Lead(IV)

• Formula: Sn^{4+}

  • Name: Tin(IV)

Negative Ions (Anions)

-1 Charge

• Formula: C2H3O_2^-

  • Name: Acetate

• Formula: Br^-

  • Name: Bromide

• Formula: Cl^-

  • Name: Chloride

• Formula: H2PO4^-

  • Name: Dihydrogen Phosphate

• Formula: F^-

  • Name: Fluoride

• Formula: OH^-

  • Name: Hydroxide

• Formula: HCO_3^-

  • Name: Hydrogen Carbonate (bicarbonate)

• Formula: HSO_4^-

  • Name: Hydrogen Sulfate (bisulfate)

• Formula: ClO^-

  • Name: Hypochlorite

• Formula: I^-

  • Name: Iodide

• Formula: NO_3^-

  • Name: Nitrate

• Formula: MnO_4^-

  • Name: Permanganate

• Formula: SCN^-

  • Name: Thiocyanate

-2 Charge

• Formula: CO_3^{2-}

  • Name: Carbonate

• Formula: CrO_4^{2-}

  • Name: Chromate

• Formula: Cr2O7^{2-}

  • Name: Dichromate

• Formula: HPO_4^{2-}

  • Name: Hydrogen Phosphate

• Formula: O^{2-}

  • Name: Oxide

• Formula: C2O4^{2-}

  • Name: Oxalate

• Formula: SO_4^{2-}

  • Name: Sulfate

• Formula: SO_3^{2-}

  • Name: Sulfite

-3 Charge

• Formula: N^{3-}

  • Name: Nitride

• Formula: PO_4^{3-}

  • Name: Phosphate