Module 3-4: Plant Cells and Tissue

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Robert Whittaker

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Robert Whittaker

Developed the five-kingdom system for classifying living organisms.

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Five Kingdoms

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae.

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Cell

The basic membrane-bound unit containing fundamental molecules of life.

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Prokaryotic Cell

A cell without a nucleus, characterized by the prefix "pro" meaning before.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A cell with a well-defined nucleus, indicated by the prefix "eu."

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“Eu“

Means “True”

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“Karyon”

Means nucleus

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“Pro“

means before

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Plant Cell

A large, rectangular-shaped eukaryotic cell with a cell wall.

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Animal Cell

A smaller, irregularly shaped eukaryotic cell without a cell wall, but has centrosomes

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Cell Wall

A rigid layer composed of polysacchrides, cellulose, pectin, proteins, and hemicellulose outside the cell membrane providing protection and structural support.

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Plasma Membrane

Involved in the production and assembly of cellulose for cell walls.

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Nucleus

A membrane-bound structure vital for storing DNA and regulating cell functions.

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Vital function of nucleus

stores DNA or hereditary information required for cell division, metabolism, and growth.

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Nucleolus

manufactures cells’ protein producing structure and ribosomes

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Nucleopore

Allow protein and nucleic acid to pass through

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Endoplasmis Reticulum

It facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials.

In charge of synthesis of membranes for other organelles and modification of proteins from components assembled from elsewhere within the cell

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Ribosomes

Sites for protein synthesis, composed of RNA and proteins.

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Golgi Bodies (Dictyosomes)

Involved in modifying and packaging carbohydrates and proteins.

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Plastids

Membrane-bound organelles with their own DNA, involved in storage and photosynthesis.

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Chloroplasts

Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis and glucose production.

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Spirogyra

Corkscrew-like ribbons shaped; cells of the green algae

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Ulothrix

Bracelet-shaped chloroplasts

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GRANA

found in the chloroplast and have the appearance of stacks of coins with double membranes

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THYLAKOIDS

each granum may contain from two or three to more than 100 stacked

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STROMA

The liquid portion of the chloroplast is a colorless fluid matrix

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Chromoplasts

Colored plastids (red, orange, & yellow) responsible for pigment synthesis in fruits and flowers.

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Leucoplasts

Colorless plastids used for storing starch, proteins, and lipids.

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Central Vacuole

A large storage organelle that maintains turgor pressure in plant cells.

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Tonoplast

Membrane that surrounds the central vacuole.

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Cell Sap

Composition of the central vacuole

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Calcium oxalate (CaC204)

found in the stem and usually forms Raphide, Prismatic, Rosette, & Styloid

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RAPHIDE

fine, needle-like crystals; scattered or enclosed in a sac as in gabi or other succulent plants

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PRISMATIC

prism-like or diamond-like crystals found in leaves of begonia or Bangka-bangkaan

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ROSETTE

flower like appearance in santan and stem of kutsarita plant

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STYLOID

knife-like, tapering at both ends

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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

forms Cystolith

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CYSTOLITH

grape like as seen in the hypodermal cell of the leaf of an Indian rubber tree or ampalaya-like plant.

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Collenchyma Cells

Provide support to young plants when there is restraining growth in a plant due to a lack of hardening agent in primary walls

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Sclerenchyma Cells

Rigid support cells with hardening agents in their walls.

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Xylem Cells

Cells that ransport water and minerals from roots to other plant parts.

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Phloem Cells

Cells that transport food from leaves to different parts of the plant.

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Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars.

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ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

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NADPH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide phosphate

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fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

Stages of Calvin Cycle Reactions

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Meristematic Tissue

Undifferentiated plant tissue that continues to divide and contribute to growth.

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Permanent Tissue

Plant cells that are no longer actively dividing and have specialized functions.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of plant organs, preventing water loss and providing protection.

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dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.

Types of Plant Tissue

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epidermal hair or trichome.

The outward growth of epidermal cells

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cuticle

waxy material produced by the epidermis

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Parenchyma

The least specialized permanent tissue, involved in storage and synthesis of organic products.

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Chlorenchyma

elongated cylindrical cells

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Aerenchyma

Parenchyma tissue specialized for gas exchange

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cortex

layer between the epidermis and vascular tissue

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Sclereids

have varied sizes and shapes, and most of the volume of these cells is taken up by the cell wall

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Fibers

elongated, slender cells that are strand-like in appearance; strong and flexible

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Cork

The outer protective layer of a secondary plant body, composed of dead lignified and suberized cells.

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Xylem

Conducting tissue that transports water and provides structural support.

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Tracheids

have hardened secondary cell wall. and function in water conduction

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Vessel Elements

resemble open-ended tubes that are arranged end to end allowing water flow within the tubes.

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Phloem

Conducting tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant.

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Companion Cells

Specialized parenchyma cells that support sieve tube elements in phloem.

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