Module 3-4: Plant Cells and Tissue

Robert Whittaker

Developed the five-kingdom system for classifying living organisms.

Five Kingdoms

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae.

Cell

The basic membrane-bound unit containing fundamental molecules of life.

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell without a nucleus, characterized by the prefix "pro" meaning before.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell with a well-defined nucleus, indicated by the prefix "eu."

“Eu“

Means “True”

“Karyon”

Means nucleus

“Pro“

means before

Plant Cell

A large, rectangular-shaped eukaryotic cell with a cell wall.

Animal Cell

A smaller, irregularly shaped eukaryotic cell without a cell wall, but has centrosomes

Cell Wall

A rigid layer composed of polysacchrides, cellulose, pectin, proteins, and hemicellulose outside the cell membrane providing protection and structural support.

Plasma Membrane

Involved in the production and assembly of cellulose for cell walls.

Nucleus

A membrane-bound structure vital for storing DNA and regulating cell functions.

Vital function of nucleus

stores DNA or hereditary information required for cell division, metabolism, and growth.

Nucleolus

manufactures cells’ protein producing structure and ribosomes

Nucleopore

Allow protein and nucleic acid to pass through

Endoplasmis Reticulum

It facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials.

In charge of synthesis of membranes for other organelles and modification of proteins from components assembled from elsewhere within the cell

Ribosomes

Sites for protein synthesis, composed of RNA and proteins.

Golgi Bodies (Dictyosomes)

Involved in modifying and packaging carbohydrates and proteins.

Plastids

Membrane-bound organelles with their own DNA, involved in storage and photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts

Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis and glucose production.

Spirogyra

Corkscrew-like ribbons shaped; cells of the green algae

Ulothrix

Bracelet-shaped chloroplasts

GRANA

found in the chloroplast and have the appearance of stacks of coins with double membranes

THYLAKOIDS

each granum may contain from two or three to more than 100 stacked

STROMA

The liquid portion of the chloroplast is a colorless fluid matrix

Chromoplasts

Colored plastids (red, orange, & yellow) responsible for pigment synthesis in fruits and flowers.

Leucoplasts

Colorless plastids used for storing starch, proteins, and lipids.

Central Vacuole

A large storage organelle that maintains turgor pressure in plant cells.

Tonoplast

Membrane that surrounds the central vacuole.

Cell Sap

Composition of the central vacuole

Calcium oxalate (CaC204)

found in the stem and usually forms Raphide, Prismatic, Rosette, & Styloid

RAPHIDE

fine, needle-like crystals; scattered or enclosed in a sac as in gabi or other succulent plants

PRISMATIC

prism-like or diamond-like crystals found in leaves of begonia or Bangka-bangkaan

ROSETTE

flower like appearance in santan and stem of kutsarita plant

STYLOID

knife-like, tapering at both ends

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

forms Cystolith

CYSTOLITH

grape like as seen in the hypodermal cell of the leaf of an Indian rubber tree or ampalaya-like plant.

Collenchyma Cells

Provide support to young plants when there is restraining growth in a plant due to a lack of hardening agent in primary walls

Sclerenchyma Cells

Rigid support cells with hardening agents in their walls.

Xylem Cells

Cells that ransport water and minerals from roots to other plant parts.

Phloem Cells

Cells that transport food from leaves to different parts of the plant.

Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars.

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

NADPH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide phosphate

fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

Stages of Calvin Cycle Reactions

Meristematic Tissue

Undifferentiated plant tissue that continues to divide and contribute to growth.

Permanent Tissue

Plant cells that are no longer actively dividing and have specialized functions.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of plant organs, preventing water loss and providing protection.

dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.

Types of Plant Tissue

epidermal hair or trichome.

The outward growth of epidermal cells

cuticle

waxy material produced by the epidermis

Parenchyma

The least specialized permanent tissue, involved in storage and synthesis of organic products.

Chlorenchyma

elongated cylindrical cells

Aerenchyma

Parenchyma tissue specialized for gas exchange

cortex

layer between the epidermis and vascular tissue

Sclereids

have varied sizes and shapes, and most of the volume of these cells is taken up by the cell wall

Fibers

elongated, slender cells that are strand-like in appearance; strong and flexible

Cork

The outer protective layer of a secondary plant body, composed of dead lignified and suberized cells.

Xylem

Conducting tissue that transports water and provides structural support.

Tracheids

have hardened secondary cell wall. and function in water conduction

Vessel Elements

resemble open-ended tubes that are arranged end to end allowing water flow within the tubes.

Phloem

Conducting tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Companion Cells

Specialized parenchyma cells that support sieve tube elements in phloem.