AP Psych Unit 4

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69 Terms

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Habituation
________: Learning NOT to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus.
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Classical conditioning
________: one learns to link two or more stimuli & anticipate events.
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Biological constraints
________ predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.
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Biofeedback
________: process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance.
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Spontaneous recovery
________: reappearance of a (weakend) CR after a pause.
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Generalization
________: tendency to respond likewise to a stimuli to the CS.
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Reinforcement
________: any event that strengthens (increase the frequency of) a preceding response.
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likelihood of recurrence
Operant behavior: behavior that produces an effect on the environment and whose ________ is influenced by consequences.
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Discrimination
________: ability to distinguish to between CS and other irrelevant stimuli.
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OC procedure
Shaping: ________ in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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Cognition
Biology, ________, & Learning.
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Taste aversion
________: learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness.
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Extrinsic motivation
________ desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards OR avoid threatened punishment.
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Mere Exposure Effect
________: A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.
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Mirror neurons
________: frontal lobe neurons that some believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so.
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Stimulus
________: any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism.
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Higher order conditioning
________: new NS can become a new CS without the presence of a US.
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Extinction
________: weakening of CR, occurs when US does not follow a CS.
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Cognitive map
________: mental representation of the layout of ones environment.
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Intrinsic motivation
________: desiree to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
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Observational learning
________: learn without direct experience, by observing & imitating others.
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primary reinforcers
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers: get power through learned association with ________.
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Partial reinforcement schedule
________: reinforcing a response only part of the time.
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Classical conditioning
________ is a basic form of learning.
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classical conditioning
In ________: initial stage when one links NS & US so that the NS begins triggering the CR.
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classical conditioning
Virtually all organism learn to adapt to their environment via ________.
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Classical conditioning
________: associate two stimuli & thus to anticipate events.
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Classical conditioning
    associate       two stimuli & thus to anticipate events
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Operant conditioning
learn to associate a response and its        consequences  
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Habituation
Learning      NOT       to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus
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Mere Exposure Effect
A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed
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Behavioral Learning
Forms of learning, such as       classical       and operant conditioning which can be described in terms of stimuli and responses
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Associative learning
involves the encoding of           relationships        between events
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Stimulus
any        object       or        event         that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism
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Respondent behavior
behavior that is evoked by a specific         stimulus          and that will consistently and predictably occur if the stimulus is presented
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Operant behavior
behavior that produces an effect on the      environment       and whose likelihood of     recurrence                        is influenced by consequences
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Classical conditioning
one learns to link two or more stimuli &      anticipate    events
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Behaviorism (Watson)
view that psychology
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Experiment
isolated dogs in room, secured with harness, attached device to divert saliva into measuring instrument
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In classical conditioning
    initial stage     when one links NS & US so that the NS begins triggering the CR
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In operant conditioning
strengthening of reinforced response
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Higher-order conditioning
new NS can become a new CS    without       the presence of a US
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Extinction
    weakening      of CR, occurs when US does not follow a CS
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Spontaneous recovery
reappearance of a (   weakend    ) CR after a pause
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Generalization
tendency to respond likewise to a stimuli                             to the CS
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Discrimination
ability  to distinguish      to between CS and other irrelevant stimuli
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Operant conditioning
organisms associate their own actions with       consequences      
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BF Skinner (1904-1990)
pigeons natural walking & pecking behaviors
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Operant chamber
box with bar where animal can control food or water reinforcer
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Reinforcement
any event that strengthens (increase the       frequency        of) a preceding response
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Shaping
OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the     desired           behavior
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We    unconsciously      reinforce & shape others behaviors everyday
even if not intentionally
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Primary reinforcers
unlearned
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Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
get power through       learned        association with primary reinforcers
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Continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing the desired response        every time           it occurs
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Partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a response only part of the time
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After an        random         number
reinforcement after a random number of behaviors (i.e
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We dont learn all associations equally well
limited by biological predispositions
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Taste aversion
learned association between the taste of a particular food and   illness   such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness
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Biofeedback
process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance
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Cognitive map
mental representation of      the layout   of ones environment
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Latent learning
learning that occurs but is not    apparent   until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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Intrinsic motivation
desiree to perform a behavior effectively for its      own      sake
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Observational learning
learn without direct experience, by      observing    & imitating others
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Modeling
process of observing & imitating a    specific     behavior
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Mirror neurons
   frontal      lobe neurons that some believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so
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Prosocial behavior
     positive     , constructive, helpful behavior
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Antisocial behavior
Hostility, significant irritability, agitation, aggression or violence
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Social learning theory
suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others