AP Psych Unit 4

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69 Terms

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Habituation

: Learning NOT to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus.

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Classical conditioning

: one learns to link two or more stimuli & anticipate events.

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Biological constraints

predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.

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Biofeedback

: process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance.

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Spontaneous recovery

: reappearance of a (weakend) CR after a pause.

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Generalization

: tendency to respond likewise to a stimuli to the CS.

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Reinforcement

: any event that strengthens (increase the frequency of) a preceding response.

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likelihood of recurrence

Operant behavior: behavior that produces an effect on the environment and whose is influenced by consequences.

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Discrimination

: ability to distinguish to between CS and other irrelevant stimuli.

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OC procedure

Shaping: in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the desired behavior.

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Cognition

Biology, , & Learning.

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Taste aversion

: learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness.

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Extrinsic motivation

desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards OR avoid threatened punishment.

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Mere Exposure Effect

: A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.

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Mirror neurons

: frontal lobe neurons that some believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so.

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Stimulus

: any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism.

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Higher order conditioning

: new NS can become a new CS without the presence of a US.

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Extinction

: weakening of CR, occurs when US does not follow a CS.

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Cognitive map

: mental representation of the layout of ones environment.

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Intrinsic motivation

: desiree to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

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Observational learning

: learn without direct experience, by observing & imitating others.

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primary reinforcers

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers: get power through learned association with .

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Partial reinforcement schedule

: reinforcing a response only part of the time.

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Classical conditioning

is a basic form of learning.

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classical conditioning

In : initial stage when one links NS & US so that the NS begins triggering the CR.

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classical conditioning

Virtually all organism learn to adapt to their environment via .

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Classical conditioning

: associate two stimuli & thus to anticipate events.

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Classical conditioning

    associate       two stimuli & thus to anticipate events

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Operant conditioning

learn to associate a response and its        consequences  

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Habituation

Learning      NOT       to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus

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Mere Exposure Effect

A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed

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Behavioral Learning

Forms of learning, such as       classical       and operant conditioning which can be described in terms of stimuli and responses

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Associative learning

involves the encoding of           relationships        between events

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Stimulus

any        object       or        event         that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism

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Respondent behavior

behavior that is evoked by a specific         stimulus          and that will consistently and predictably occur if the stimulus is presented

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Operant behavior

behavior that produces an effect on the      environment       and whose likelihood of     recurrence                        is influenced by consequences

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Classical conditioning

one learns to link two or more stimuli &      anticipate    events

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Behaviorism (Watson)

view that psychology

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Experiment

isolated dogs in room, secured with harness, attached device to divert saliva into measuring instrument

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In classical conditioning

    initial stage     when one links NS & US so that the NS begins triggering the CR

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In operant conditioning

strengthening of reinforced response

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Higher-order conditioning

new NS can become a new CS    without       the presence of a US

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Extinction

    weakening      of CR, occurs when US does not follow a CS

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Spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a (   weakend    ) CR after a pause

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Generalization

tendency to respond likewise to a stimuli                             to the CS

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Discrimination

ability  to distinguish      to between CS and other irrelevant stimuli

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Operant conditioning

organisms associate their own actions with       consequences      

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BF Skinner (1904-1990)

pigeons natural walking & pecking behaviors

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Operant chamber

box with bar where animal can control food or water reinforcer

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Reinforcement

any event that strengthens (increase the       frequency        of) a preceding response

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Shaping

OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the     desired           behavior

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We    unconsciously      reinforce & shape others behaviors everyday

even if not intentionally

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Primary reinforcers

unlearned

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Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers

get power through       learned        association with primary reinforcers

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Continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response        every time           it occurs

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Partial reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time

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After an        random         number

reinforcement after a random number of behaviors (i.e

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We dont learn all associations equally well

limited by biological predispositions

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Taste aversion

learned association between the taste of a particular food and   illness   such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness

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Biofeedback

process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance

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Cognitive map

mental representation of      the layout   of ones environment

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Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not    apparent   until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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Intrinsic motivation

desiree to perform a behavior effectively for its      own      sake

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Observational learning

learn without direct experience, by      observing    & imitating others

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Modeling

process of observing & imitating a    specific     behavior

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Mirror neurons

   frontal      lobe neurons that some believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so

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Prosocial behavior

     positive     , constructive, helpful behavior

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Antisocial behavior

Hostility, significant irritability, agitation, aggression or violence

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Social learning theory

suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others