AP Psych Unit 4

Habituation

: Learning NOT to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus.

Classical conditioning

: one learns to link two or more stimuli & anticipate events.

Biological constraints

predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.

Biofeedback

: process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance.

Spontaneous recovery

: reappearance of a (weakend) CR after a pause.

Generalization

: tendency to respond likewise to a stimuli to the CS.

Reinforcement

: any event that strengthens (increase the frequency of) a preceding response.

likelihood of recurrence

Operant behavior: behavior that produces an effect on the environment and whose is influenced by consequences.

Discrimination

: ability to distinguish to between CS and other irrelevant stimuli.

OC procedure

Shaping: in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Cognition

Biology, , & Learning.

Taste aversion

: learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness.

Extrinsic motivation

desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards OR avoid threatened punishment.

Mere Exposure Effect

: A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.

Mirror neurons

: frontal lobe neurons that some believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so.

Stimulus

: any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism.

Higher order conditioning

: new NS can become a new CS without the presence of a US.

Extinction

: weakening of CR, occurs when US does not follow a CS.

Cognitive map

: mental representation of the layout of ones environment.

Intrinsic motivation

: desiree to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Observational learning

: learn without direct experience, by observing & imitating others.

primary reinforcers

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers: get power through learned association with .

Partial reinforcement schedule

: reinforcing a response only part of the time.

Classical conditioning

is a basic form of learning.

classical conditioning

In : initial stage when one links NS & US so that the NS begins triggering the CR.

classical conditioning

Virtually all organism learn to adapt to their environment via .

Classical conditioning

: associate two stimuli & thus to anticipate events.

Classical conditioning

    associate       two stimuli & thus to anticipate events

Operant conditioning

learn to associate a response and its        consequences  

Habituation

Learning      NOT       to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus

Mere Exposure Effect

A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed

Behavioral Learning

Forms of learning, such as       classical       and operant conditioning which can be described in terms of stimuli and responses

Associative learning

involves the encoding of           relationships        between events

Stimulus

any        object       or        event         that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism

Respondent behavior

behavior that is evoked by a specific         stimulus          and that will consistently and predictably occur if the stimulus is presented

Operant behavior

behavior that produces an effect on the      environment       and whose likelihood of     recurrence                        is influenced by consequences

Classical conditioning

one learns to link two or more stimuli &      anticipate    events

Behaviorism (Watson)

view that psychology

Experiment

isolated dogs in room, secured with harness, attached device to divert saliva into measuring instrument

In classical conditioning

    initial stage     when one links NS & US so that the NS begins triggering the CR

In operant conditioning

strengthening of reinforced response

Higher-order conditioning

new NS can become a new CS    without       the presence of a US

Extinction

    weakening      of CR, occurs when US does not follow a CS

Spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a (   weakend    ) CR after a pause

Generalization

tendency to respond likewise to a stimuli                             to the CS

Discrimination

ability  to distinguish      to between CS and other irrelevant stimuli

Operant conditioning

organisms associate their own actions with       consequences      

BF Skinner (1904-1990)

pigeons natural walking & pecking behaviors

Operant chamber

box with bar where animal can control food or water reinforcer

Reinforcement

any event that strengthens (increase the       frequency        of) a preceding response

Shaping

OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the     desired           behavior

We    unconsciously      reinforce & shape others behaviors everyday

even if not intentionally

Primary reinforcers

unlearned

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers

get power through       learned        association with primary reinforcers

Continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response        every time           it occurs

Partial reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time

After an        random         number

reinforcement after a random number of behaviors (i.e

We dont learn all associations equally well

limited by biological predispositions

Taste aversion

learned association between the taste of a particular food and   illness   such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness

Biofeedback

process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance

Cognitive map

mental representation of      the layout   of ones environment

Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not    apparent   until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Intrinsic motivation

desiree to perform a behavior effectively for its      own      sake

Observational learning

learn without direct experience, by      observing    & imitating others

Modeling

process of observing & imitating a    specific     behavior

Mirror neurons

   frontal      lobe neurons that some believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so

Prosocial behavior

     positive     , constructive, helpful behavior

Antisocial behavior

Hostility, significant irritability, agitation, aggression or violence

Social learning theory

suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others