Organic Reaction pathways

Reaction type:
Haloalkane → Alcohol

Substitution, aqueous NaOH (HO-), no catalyst

or H2O + catalyst

Haloalkane → Alcohol (lesser used)

substitution of H2O, catalyst

Reaction type:
Alkene → Alkane

addition of H₂, catalyst Ni

Reaction type:
Alkene → Poly(alkene)

Addition/addition polymerization, catalyst

Reaction type:
Alkene → Dihaloalkane

Addition of halogen (Cl2), no catalyst

Reaction type:
Alkene → Haloalkane

Addition of halide (HCl), no catalyst

Primary Alkanol → Aldehyde

Strong oxidant (MnO4 (permanganate) or Cr2O7 (dichromate)), catalyst of H2SO4

stage between alkanol and carboxylic acid

Secondary Alkanol → Ketone

Strong oxidant (MnO4 (permanganate) or Cr2O7 (dichromate)), catalyst of H2SO4

Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid

Strong oxidant (MnO4 (permanganate) or Cr2O7 (dichromate)), catalyst of H2SO4

Carboxylic Acid + Amine → Secondary Amide

each other

Carboxylic Acid → primary Amide

Concentrated ammonia solution

Reaction type:
Alkene → Alkanol

Addition of H2O, catalyst of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and heat

Reaction type:
Alkane → Haloalkane

substitution of Halogen (Cl2), catalyst of UV light

Reaction type:
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol → Ester + water

Condensation or esterification, catalyst of concentrated H2SO4 (of liquid)

Conditions/Reagents:
Haloalkane → Amine

Concentrated ammonia solution

Ester + water → Carboxylic acid + Alcohol

hydrolysis of H2O, catalyst of heat

Alkane

saturated
prefix- an-fg

Alkene

unsaturated
prefix - en-fg

Alkyne

unsaturated, least reactive
prefix - yn-fg

Alkanols

Alcohols
Hydroxyl fg

primary/ secondary/ tertiary. \= bonded to a carbons which is bonded to x carbons

main-carbon no.- ol

Ether (idk if we need to know this)

??

Haloalkane

functional group of a group 17 element

n,n-(di,tri,tetra)(chloro,bromo,fluro,iodo)main

more than one halogen, alphabetical order

Aldehyde

carbonyl

main - al
butanal

Ketone

carbonyl

naming;
main-carbon no.-one

Carboxylic acid

Carboxyl

main oic acid
(count the carbon in fg in the main name)

Ester

smell
ester link fg

made in esterification reaction
mixing an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
from
carboxylic acid alkanol
alkanol yl carboxylic acid anoate

Amide

carbonyl + amino?

Primary \= amide ending
secondary \= amide linking two chains (R1-NH-R2)

don't need to name

Amine

amino fg

main-carbon no.-amine

IUPAC name

scientific name

Molecular formular

bare molecule, 'ephermeric' form

semi-structural formula

Molecular folmular in an order

Steriostructure formula (3D structure diagram)

all detail except including
filled in wedges for forwards
stripped wedges for backwards

Structural formula

the whole structure + 3D and 4 bonds on every carbon

Skeletal structure

zig zag lines, show fg

isomers

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures in 3d space

structural isomers
steroisomers

structural isomers

chain isomers
positional isomers

priority

carboxyl hydroxyl amine alkene alkyne halo-

miscible

two liquids which are soluable together

flash points

lowest temp where a liquid will create flamable vapour

Atom economy

Molar mass of desired products over Molar mass of reactants

Yeild

Mass of Desired products over theoretical mass of desired products