Final

Covenant Chain

Alliances and treaties established between the Iroquois Confederacy and the English colonial governments in North America, primarily during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Significance of Covenant Chain

Not fully honored by the UK government, leading to a breakdown in trust.

Sati

A former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband's funeral pyre.

Significance of Sati

Without learning about the purposes behind the practice, colonizers used this to claim oppression of women and a primitive nature; soon outlawed.

Invention of Tradition

National ‘traditions’ needed to be invented.

Significance of Invention of Tradition

Creation of a national identity.

Division of Labor

Labor being split up among workers, so jobs became unskilled.

Significance of Division of Labor

Key to the Industrial Revolution.

Chartism

A 19th-century working-class movement in Britain demanding political reforms.

Significance of Chartism

Shaped democratic ideals despite initial failure.

Peterloo Massacre

1819, British troops attacked peaceful protesters demanding reform.

Significance of Peterloo Massacre

Highlighted state repression and spurred the growth of the British reform movement.

Liberalism

Political ideology advocating individual freedoms, limited government, and market economy.

Significance of Liberalism

Underpinned revolutions and reforms.

Meiji Restoration

Japan's 1868 transformation from a feudal state to an industrial empire.

Significance of Meiji Restoration

Showed how modernization can be rapid and state-led, challenging Western dominance.

Dutch Learning

Western knowledge acquired by Japan through Dutch traders during its period of isolation (1600s–1800s).

Significance of Dutch Learning

Helped Japan modernize selectively.

Omdurman

A battle in 1898 where British forces used modern weaponry to decimate Sudanese fighters.

Significance of Omdurman

Epitomized imperial military dominance and asymmetrical warfare.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive 19th-century civil war in China led by a Christian-inspired movement.

Significance of Taiping Rebellion

Challenged the Qing dynasty and revealed deep social unrest.

Double Earners

Couples where both partners work for wages, increasingly common in the 20th century.

Significance of Double Earners

Shift in gender roles and societal economic pressure.

Fascism

A far-right, authoritarian ideology that rose in Italy and Germany in the early 20th century.

Significance of Fascism

Led to World War II and massive human rights abuses.

Dawes Plan

A 1924 agreement to ease German reparations after WWI.

Significance of Dawes Plan

Reflected efforts to stabilize Europe postwar, but also the fragility of interwar peace.

Algerian War

A brutal struggle for independence from France (1954–62).

Significance of Algerian War

Forced France to confront colonial violence and inspired other anti-colonial movements.

Sam the Banana Man (Samuel Zemurray)

U.S. businessman behind United Fruit Company.

Significance of Sam the Banana Man

Known for meddling in Central American politics; symbol of economic imperialism.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy (1823) opposing European interference in the Americas.

Significance of Monroe Doctrine

Justified U.S. intervention and became a pillar of American foreign policy.

Battle/Massacre at Wounded Knee

In 1890, U.S. troops killed hundreds of Lakota people.

Significance of Battle/Massacre at Wounded Knee

Marked the end of Native American armed resistance and the brutality of U.S. expansion.