Final

Covenant Chain
Definition: Alliances and treaties established between the Iroquois Confederacy and the English colonial governments in North America, primarily during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Significance: Not fully honored by the UK government, leading to a breakdown in trust.

Disputes vis-à-vis capitalism
(no definition provided)

Sati
Definition: A former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband's funeral pyre.
Significance: Without learning about the purposes behind the practice, colonizers used this to claim oppression of women and a primitive nature; soon outlawed.

Invention of Tradition
Definition: National ‘traditions’ needed to be invented.
Significance: Creation of a national identity.

Division of Labor
Definition: Labor being split up among workers, so jobs became unskilled.
Significance: Key to the Industrial Revolution.

Chartism
Definition: A 19th-century working-class movement in Britain demanding political reforms.
Significance: Shaped democratic ideals despite initial failure.

Peterloo Massacre
Definition: 1819, British troops attacked peaceful protesters demanding reform.
Significance: Highlighted state repression and spurred the growth of the British reform movement.

Liberalism
Definition: Political ideology advocating individual freedoms, limited government, and market economy.
Significance: Underpinned revolutions and reforms.

Meiji Restoration/Invention
Definition: Japan's 1868 transformation from a feudal state to an industrial empire.
Significance: Showed how modernization can be rapid and state-led, challenging Western dominance.

Dutch Learning
Definition: Western knowledge acquired by Japan through Dutch traders during its period of isolation (1600s–1800s).
Significance: Helped Japan modernize selectively.

Omdurman
Definition: A battle in 1898 where British forces used modern weaponry to decimate Sudanese fighters.
Significance: Epitomized imperial military dominance and asymmetrical warfare.

Taiping Rebellion
Definition: A massive 19th-century civil war in China led by a Christian-inspired movement.
Significance: Challenged the Qing dynasty and revealed deep social unrest.

Double Earners
Definition: Couples where both partners work for wages, increasingly common in the 20th century.
Significance: Shift in gender roles and societal economic pressure.

Fascism
Definition: A far-right, authoritarian ideology that rose in Italy and Germany in the early 20th century.
Significance: Led to World War II and massive human rights abuses.

Dawes Plan
Definition: A 1924 agreement to ease German reparations after WWI.
Significance: Reflected efforts to stabilize Europe postwar, but also the fragility of interwar peace.

Algerian War
Definition: A brutal struggle for independence from France (1954–62).
Significance: Forced France to confront colonial violence and inspired other anti-colonial movements.

Sam the Banana Man (Samuel Zemurray)
Definition: U.S. businessman behind United Fruit Company.
Significance: Known for meddling in Central American politics; symbol of economic imperialism.

Monroe Doctrine
Definition: A U.S. policy (1823) opposing European interference in the Americas.
Significance: Justified U.S. intervention and became a pillar of American foreign policy.

Battle/Massacre at Wounded Knee
Definition: In 1890, U.S. troops killed hundreds of Lakota people.
Significance: Marked the end of Native American armed resistance and the brutality of U.S. expansion.