Acceleration of an object only acted on by force of gravity
3
New cards
Accurate
Measurement obtained using calibrated instruments correctly
4
New cards
Accuracy
How close to the true value
5
New cards
Alpha radiation
Particle consisting of 2 P's and 2 N's
6
New cards
Amplitude
Max displacement of oscillating particle from equilibrium position
7
New cards
Annihilation
Particle and antiparticle meet, destroy eachother and emit radiation
8
New cards
Antibaryon
Hadron w/ 3 quarks
9
New cards
Antimatter
Antiparticles with same quantum values but opposite charge to corresponding particles
10
New cards
Antinode
Fixed point on stationary wave where amplitude is maximum
11
New cards
Atomic number Z
Number of P's in atom nucleus
12
New cards
Baryon
Hadron w/ 3 quarks
13
New cards
Base units
Units that define the SI system:
Kg Amp S M
14
New cards
Beta radiation
when B- or B+ particles are emitted following decay of a neutron-rich or proton-rich nucleus
15
New cards
Braking distance
Distance travelled by vehicle in time taken to stop
16
New cards
Breaking stress/Ultimate tensile stress
Tensile stress needed to break a solid material
17
New cards
Brittle
Snaps without bending or stretching when subject to stress
18
New cards
Centre of mass
Point through which a single force on the body has no turning affect
19
New cards
Charge carriers
Charged particles that move through substance when PD applied across it
20
New cards
Kirchoff's 1st Law
Current passing through 2 or more components in series is the same through each component
At a junction the total current in \= total current out
21
New cards
Kirchoff's 2 Law
2 or more components in series - total PD across all the components is \= to sum of the PD's across each component
Sum of emf's around complete loop \= sum of PD's around the loop
22
New cards
Coherent
Constant phase difference and same frequency
23
New cards
Conservation rules
Rule that: Baryon no Lepton no Charge Energy Momentum
always conserved in interactions
24
New cards
When is strangeness conserved?
Strong interactions
25
New cards
How are strange particles created?
Strong interactions
26
New cards
How to strange particles decay?
Weak interactions
27
New cards
Couple
Pair of equal and opposite forces acting upon the same body but not along the same line
28
New cards
Critical angle
The angle of incidence of a light ray must exceed this angle for total internal reflection to occur
29
New cards
Critical temperature
Temperature at or below which a superconducting material has zero resistivity
30
New cards
Cycle
Interval for an oscillating particle from a certain displacement and velocity to the next time the particle has identical displacement and velocity
31
New cards
de Broglie hypothesis
Matter particles have a wave-like nature
32
New cards
de Broglie wavelength
Wavelength of a matter particle
33
New cards
deexcitation
process by which atom loses energy by photon emission as electron moves to lower energy level - inner shell
34
New cards
denisty
mass per unit volume for substance
35
New cards
diffraction
spreading out of waves that pass through gap or near edge
36
New cards
diffraction grating
plate with close parallel slits on it
37
New cards
dispersion
splitting of beam of white light into colours by prism
38
New cards
displacement
distance in a given direction from equilibrium position
39
New cards
drag force
force of fluid resistance on an object moving through fluid
40
New cards
ductile
stretches easily without breaking
41
New cards
efficiency
ratio of useful energy transferred to energy supplied to it
output power/input power
42
New cards
elastic limit
point beyond which wire is permanently stretched
43
New cards
elasticity
property of solid that allows it to regain shape after being deformed
44
New cards
electrolysis
process of electrical conduction in a solution or molten substance due to charged ions moving to oppositely charged electrode
45
New cards
electrolyte
solution that conducts electricity
46
New cards
electromagnetic interaction
force or interaction between 2 charged objects
47
New cards
electromagnetic wave
wavepacket or photon consisting of transverse electic and magnetic waves in phase and at right angle to eachother
48
New cards
emf
electrical energy per unit charge produced inside electrical source
49
New cards
electron volt
work done when an electron is moved through a PD of 1V
50
New cards
endoscope
optical fibre device used to see inside cavities
51
New cards
energy
capacity to do work
52
New cards
energy levels
discrete energy levels that electrons take in shells of atom
53
New cards
equilibrium
object in rest or constant motion
54
New cards
error bar
uncertainty representation on a graph
55
New cards
error of measurement
uncertainty of a measurement
56
New cards
excitation
process in which atom absorbs energy without becoming ionised when electron moves from inner shell to higher energy level in outer shell
57
New cards
first harmonic
pattern of stationary waves on a string when it oscillates at lowest possible frequency
58
New cards
fluroescence
emission of visible photons after atoms deexcite
59
New cards
frequency
number of cycles of a wave that pass a point per second
60
New cards
friction
force opposing the motion of a surface that moves or tries to move across another surface
61
New cards
gamma radiation
high energy photons emitted by unstable nuclei or produced in particle annihilations
62
New cards
gravitational field strength
force per unit mass on small object in gravitational field
63
New cards
ground state
lowest energy state of an atom
64
New cards
hadron
particles and anti that can interact through the strong interaction
65
New cards
Hooke's Law
the extension of a spring is proportional to the force applied to it
66
New cards
inertia
resistance of an object to a change of its motion
67
New cards
interference
formation of points of cancellation and reinforcement where two coherent waves pass through eachother
68
New cards
internal resistance
resistance inside the source of electrical energy - loss of PD per unit current in the source when current passes through it
69
New cards
ion
charged atom
70
New cards
ionisation
process of creating ions
71
New cards
isotopes
atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons and the same number of protons
72
New cards
kaon
meson that has a strange quark and another quark
73
New cards
kinetic energy
energy of an object due to its motion
74
New cards
laser
produces coherent, parallel beam of monochromatic light
75
New cards
lepton
particles that cannot interact through the strong interation
76
New cards
light-dependent resistor
resistance decreases in light
77
New cards
limit of proportionality
limit beyond which - if a wire or spring is stretched - the extension is no longer proportional to the force applied
78
New cards
longitudinal waves
waves with particles that oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave
79
New cards
mass
measure of inertia of the motion of an object
80
New cards
matter waves
wave-like behaviour of particles
81
New cards
meson
hadron w/ quark and antiquark pair
82
New cards
modal dispersion
lengthening of a light pulse as it travels along optical fibre due to continual total internal reflection of waves meaning some rays travel longer distance than others in fibre
83
New cards
moment
about a point is the force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the point
84
New cards
muon
negatively charged lepton with a greater rest mass than the electron
85
New cards
negative temperature coefficient
resistance of a semiconductor decreases when its temperature is increased
86
New cards
neutrino
uncharged lepton with a lower rest mass than the electron
87
New cards
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force
88
New cards
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the resultant force applied to it
89
New cards
node
fixed point on a stationary wave where displacement is zero
90
New cards
nucleon
N or P in nucleus
91
New cards
nucleon number
number of P's or N's in the nucleus
92
New cards
nuclide
type of nucleus with a particular number of P's and N's
93
New cards
Ohm's Law
PD across a metallic conductor is proportional to the current - if physical conditions remain constant
94
New cards
optical fibre
thin, flexible transparent fibre used to carry light pulses from one end to another
95
New cards
pair production
gamma photon changed in a particle and corresponding antiparticle
96
New cards
path difference
difference in the distances from two coherent sources to an interference fringe
97
New cards
period
time for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a point
98
New cards
phase difference
the fraction of a cycle between the oscillations of 2 oscillating particles - measured in radians
99
New cards
photoelectric effect
emission of electrons from metal surface when surface is hit with light with photons of frequency greater than threshold frequency