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System
A collection of objects that can be identified.
Surroundings
Everything else that isn't part of the system.
Open system
Can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
Closed system
Can exchange energy with its surroundings.
Isolated system
Cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
First law of thermodynamics
In any closed system, a change in energy must be caused by work or heat being gained or lost.
Temperature
The measure of average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object.
Heat
The energy transferred between objects at different temperatures.
Thermal conduction
The transfer of energy through collision of particles.
Convection
The transfer of energy through the movement of a fluid.
Radiation
Energy transferred as electromagnetic waves.
Change of state of matter
Caused by a transfer of energy.
Melting
Change from solid to liquid due to particles breaking away from rigid positions.
Evaporation
Change from liquid to gas due to temperature and pressure.
Condensation
Change from gas to liquid when gas touches a cold surface.
Freezing
Change from liquid to solid, releasing energy.
Heat transfer between objects
Flows from higher temperature to lower temperature.
Particle level
Particles are in constant motion.
Direction of heat transfer
From higher temperature to lower temperature.
Heat transfer stop
When objects reach thermal equilibrium, with the initial temperatures adjusting to be the same.
Note 
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