AUBF PT 1

MX EXAM

Who developed the procedure to standardize the quantitation of formed elements in the urine microscopic analysis?

Addis

A tool used to detect the number of RBCs, WBCs, casts, and epithelial cells in a 12-hour specimen

Hematocytometer

What is the normal value of RBCs in hematocytometer?

0 to 500,000

What is the normal value of WBCs and epithelial cells in hematocytometer?

1,800,000

What is the normal value of Hyaline casts in hematocytometer?

0 to 5000

What are the 3 purpose of microscopic examination?

Requested by physician

Patient population being tested

Abnormal physical or chemical result of urine

A process wherein microscopic examination is only done on those with abnormal physical and chemical exams

Chemical sieving

Formed elements disintegrate rapidly in

A. Dilute acidic urine

B. Alkaline urine

C. Dilute alkaline urine

D. NOTA

C.

Volume frequently used in routine UA

12-mL

Centrifugation process of urine

5 minutes, 400 RCF

Most frequently used stain in UA

A. Crystal violet and Safranin O

B. Sternheimer-Malbin stain

C. Oil Red O

D. Hansel Stain

E. A and B

E.

Enhances nuclear detail to help differentiate WBCs and RTE cells

0.5% Toluidine Blue

This stain is used to lyse RBCs

2% Acetic acid

What are the stains used for lipids?

Oil red O

Sudan III

True or False

Cholesterol greatly stains using Oil red O

False, it does not take up the lipid stains instead it polarizes in polarizing microscopy

Point of differentiation of cholesterol

Maltese cross formation

Usually used for bacilli

Gram stain

Positive result of gram stain

Dark purple

Composition of hansel stain

Methylene blue

Eosin Y

Preferred stain for eosinophils

Hansel stain

this stain is used to confirm granules of hemosiderin

Prussian blue stain

What bacteria is used to identify in a dark-field microscopy?

Treponema Pallidum

Blood in the urine is known as ___.

Hematuria

Normal value of Typical RBC seen in urine

3/HPF

In concentrated or hypersthenuric urine, what would happen in the RBCs?

Shrink due to water loss

What type of urine specimen would ghost RBCs be seen?

Dilute or Hyposthenuric urine

This is a type of dysmorphic RBCs due to glomerular bleeding

Acanthocyte

RBCs must be differentiated from ?

Yeast cells

Lymphocytes

Calcium oxalate monohydrate forms

Air bubbles

Normal value of WBCs in urine

Less than 5/HPF

What type of WBC is predominant in urine?

Neutrophils

WBCs seen in the urine is associated to what condition?

Pyuria

Lower UTI

Cystitis

Upper UTI

Pyelonephritis

What stain is used for identifying neutrophils in the urine?

Sternheimer-Malbin stain

True or False

Glitter cells are pathological

False

Eosinophil in the urine is commonly associated with what disease?

Drug-induced interstitial nephritis

True or False

Finding at least 1% of eosinphil is normal in the urine

False, it is significant and not normal

Indicative of the vaginal infection are clue cells by what bacteria?

Gardnerella vaginalis

A true yeast infection must be accompanied by ____

WBCs

If bacterias are present in the urine, what should be considered to be significant for UTI?

A. Must be acidic urine

B. Must be dilute alkaline urine

C. Must be accompanied by WBCs

D. Must be accompanied by WBC and RBCs

E. Must be accompanied by RTE cells

C.

Most frequent parasite seen in urine

Trichomonas vaginalis

Women with vaginal yeast infection (moniliasis), what type of yeast cell is seen?

Candida albicans

Major constituent of mucus

Uromodulin

A glycoprotein excreted by RTE cells of the distal convoluted tubule and upper collecting ducts

Uromodulin

Which organ is affected by interstitial disorders?

Renal interstitium

What is the non-immunologic cause of renal disorder?

Exposure to chemical and toxins

A sterile, inflammatory process that affects the glomerulus and is associated with finding the blood, protein and casts in the urine

Glomerulonephritis

Disease marked by the sudden onset of symptoms and is common with children

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Increased streptolysin O titer and BUN, what is the disease?

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

This type of glomerulonephritis is a more serious form and might end up in end-stage renal disease

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Increased BUN and Creatinine, what is the disease?

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

A rare autoimmune disorder wherein a cytotoxic antibody attaches and forms to glomerular and alveolar basement membrane

Goodpasture syndrome

A blood vessel disorder that mainly attacks small blood vessels and forms granuloma

Wegener’s Granulomatosis

What is the autoantibody found in Wegener’s Granulomatosis?

Anti-Neutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)

Patient is showing symptoms of dyspnea and hemoptysis, what is the associated disorder?

Wegener’s Granulomatosis

This disorder is caused by IgA overproduction and commonly seen in children

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

Thickening of glomerular basement membrane due to deposition of IgG

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

What protein does the antibodies attack in the case of membranous glomerulonephritis?

PLA2R

A type of chronic kidney disease wherein the immune system overactivity that leads to damage and scarring of the glomeruli

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Tram-track appearance under the microscope and is complement-mediated

Type 2 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Most common cause of glomerulonephritis

IgA Nephropathy

Berger Disease

Patient showing symptoms of High BP and Tea or coca-cola colored urine

IgA Nephropathy

Berger’s disease

These are the sediments in urine that is unique to the kidney

Casts