Industrial revolution

What was the impact of the Agricultural Revolution on farmers?

Rich people bought out small farms, pushing out farmers and encouraging advancements that led to more food production.

What factors contributed to England being the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?

England had banks for investment, rivers for power and transportation, rich resources like coal, a big population, a strong economy, and no wars on the mainland.

Who invented the first practical steam engine?

Thomas Newcomen.

What major improvements did James Watt make?

He improved the steam engine, leading to greater efficiency.

What was the textile industry's significance during the Industrial Revolution?

It introduced long jobs in dangerous conditions for little pay, marking the first instance of factories.

What were the primary differences between the 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolutions?

The 1st focused on textiles and steam power, while the 2nd was characterized by globalization, workers demanding rights, electricity, steel, and mass production.

What is the Bessemer Process?

A method that helped mass produce steel and make it cheaper.

What were some effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Class changes, urbanization, longer working hours in tougher conditions, and cheaper clothing.

What was the Irish potato famine and its consequences?

It caused 1 million deaths from starvation and 2 million to emigrate, primarily to the United States.

What economic system did Adam Smith advocate for?

Laissez-faire capitalism.

Define capitalism.

An economic system where individuals own and operate businesses and gain profits from them.

What is laissez-faire economics?

An economic system where the government does not regulate industries, allowing businesses to operate freely.

What does the Invisible Hand Theory suggest?

Self-interest in the market benefits society.

What was Thomas Malthus' main idea?

Population growth will always exceed food supply growth, leading to persistent poverty.

What is Utilitarianism?

The belief that actions should be judged by their utility in society, promoting the greatest good for the greatest number.

Who was Robert Owen?

A social reformer who created ideal communities like New Harmony, emphasizing education and minimum working age.

What is socialism?

A political and economic system where companies are owned by the government for the benefit of the people.

Who collaborated with Karl Marx to create the communist manifesto?

Friedrich Engels.

What is communism?

The most extreme form of socialism, where there is no private property or enterprise.

Define proletariat.

The working class, often referred to as the 'Have Nots', who are considered oppressed.

Define bourgeoisie.

The wealthy class, known as the 'Haves', who are the oppressors.

What is the end goal of a communist revolution?

To establish a classless society and make everyone equal.

Mention one impact of Marx's ideas on history.

Countries like Russia, Cuba, Vietnam, and China adopted communist principles, often deviating from Marx's original ideas.

What fundamentally characterized new imperialism?

It involved more direct and violent control compared to earlier forms of imperialism.

What does the term 'White Man’s Burden' refer to?

The belief that it was the duty of white people to civilize and educate other races.

What is Social Darwinism?

The belief that stronger races should dominate weaker ones.

What is a direct colony?

A territory controlled directly by a foreign nation.

What is an indirect colony?

A territory governed through local rulers under foreign control.

Define protectorate.

A state that is controlled and protected by another.

What is a sphere of influence?

An area where a foreign country has exclusive trading rights and influence.

What were some political reasons for imperialism?

Desire for power, military expansion, and national pride.

What about social reasons for imperialism?

Spread of religion, culture, and the notion of civilizing missions.

Describe Africa on the eve of imperialism.

A continent with diverse cultures and societies, often seen as fragmented and vulnerable to external influence.

Who was Dr. David Livingstone?

An explorer known for mapping parts of Africa.

What is the Great Trek?

The migration of Dutch settlers (Boers) to escape British control in South Africa.

What was the Berlin Conference?

A meeting where European nations divided Africa, resulting in arbitrary borders and long-term conflicts.

Who controlled the Congo, leading to harsh conditions and exploitation?

King Leopold II of Belgium.

What was the Congolese Genocide?

A mass killing of Congolese people due to exploitative labor conditions.

What was Force Publique?

The military force created by King Leopold II to enforce his rule in the Congo.

Who was Alice Harris?

A photographer known for documenting the atrocities in Africa.

What was King Menelik II's impact on Ethiopia?

He modernized Ethiopia, allowing it to successfully resist colonization.

What happened in the Battle of Adowa?

Ethiopia defeated Italy, reaffirming its independence.

What are Liberia and Sierra Leone known for?

Liberia was founded by free slaves, while Sierra Leone was a British colony established for free slaves.

What was the outcome of the Anglo-Zulu War?

The British defeated the Zulus, both sides suffering heavy losses.

What triggered the Boer War?

Conflict between Britain and the Boers over gold and diamond wealth.

What was the significance of the Union of South Africa?

It unified Boer and British territories under one government.

What was the Battle of Plassey?

A significant British victory that allowed the East India Company to gain control of India.

What did the British refer to India as?

The 'Jewel in the Crown' of their empire.

What was the Raj?

The period of British rule over India from 1858 to 1957.

What was the impact of British educational tactics on colonial peoples?

It created a loyal and educated upper class among the colonized.

Who were the Sepoys?

Indian soldiers serving in the British East India Company.

What initiated the Sepoy Rebellion (mutiny)?

The use of cartridges suspected to contain animal fat led to the rebellion.

What were the consequences of the Sepoy Rebellion?

It ended East India Company control and initiated direct British governance.

What were some positive effects of British rule in India?

Technological advancements like railways and educational reforms.

What were some negative effects of British rule in India?

Oppression, job losses, racism, and destruction of local industries.

Who was Ram Mohun Roy?

A leader in India who promoted modernization and western education.

What was the Indian National Congress?

A political party advocating for self-rule in India.

What was the Muslim League's purpose?

To advocate for Muslim rights and interests, eventually leading to Pakistan's creation.

What characterized China's trade during the favorable balance of trade?

China exported silk, tea, and porcelain but imported little.

What were the causes of the Opium War?

Britain sought to find a product to trade with China, leading to conflict over opium.

What resulted from the Treaty of Nanjing?

Hong Kong was ceded to Britain following China's defeat in the Opium War.

What was the Taiping Rebellion?

A massive civil war led by Hong Xiuquan that weakened the Qing Dynasty.

Who was Empress Cixi?

The ruler who resisted modernization efforts in China.

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?

An attempt to modernize China while retaining Confucian principles.

What were the 100 Days of Reform?

A failed attempt to modernize China led by Guangxu.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

An anti-foreign uprising in China, ultimately crushed by foreign powers.

What was the Open Door Policy?

A U.S. policy aimed at keeping China open to trade with all nations.

What overall effect did imperialism have on China?

It led to growing nationalism and internal strife.

What characterized Tokugawa Japan?

A period of isolation under the shogunate.

Who was Commodore Matthew Perry?

A U.S. naval officer who pressured Japan into opening trade.

What was the Sat-Cho Group?

A group that revolted against the Shogun to restore imperial rule in Japan.

What was the Meiji Restoration?

A period of reform and modernization in Japan under Emperor Mutsuhito.

How did Japan's Meiji Restoration differ from Western industrialization?

Japan adopted Western technologies while maintaining their own government and culture.

What was a Zaibatsu?

A conglomerate of Japanese businesses that monopolized industries.

What did Japan model its government after during the Meiji era?

Japan modeled its government after Germany's centralized structure.

What were the outcomes of the Sino-Japanese War?

Japan crushed China and gained Taiwan and trading rights in Korea.

What initiated the Russo-Japanese War?

Japan's surprise attack on Russia over territorial disputes in Korea.

What were the results of the Treaty of Portsmouth?

Japan gained territory in Manchuria and full control over Korea.

What is French Indochina comprised of?

Cambodia, Laos, and parts of Vietnam.

What were the causes of the Spanish-American War?

The explosion of the USS Maine and support for Cuban independence.

What were the consequences of the Spanish-American War for America?

America gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, but gave Cuba independence.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A statement that the U.S. would protect the Western Hemisphere from European colonization.

What is yellow journalism?

The practice of sensationalizing news to influence public opinion.

What was the Platt Amendment?

An amendment that allowed the U.S. to interfere in Cuban affairs after independence.

What was Teddy Roosevelt's stance on Gunboat Diplomacy?

He built up the navy to deter threats to the U.S. without direct intervention.

How did the U.S. acquire land for the Panama Canal?

The U.S. funded a revolt in Panama to gain control of the territory for the canal.

What was the significance of the Panama Canal?

It connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enhancing trade and military mobility.

Who was Queen Liliuokalani?

Hawaii's first and only queen, overthrown in a coup led by American interests.

How did the Dole Fruit Company influence Hawaii?

It overthrew Queen Liliuokalani to annex Hawaii to ensure American control.

Who were King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn?

Kings of Siam who modernized the nation to protect it from colonization.

What spurred the American-Filipino War?

Filipinos expected independence after the U.S. helped them defeat Spain.

Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?

A Filipino rebel leader who fought for independence from the United States.