Medical Terminology Chapter 4- Muscular System (Extended)

• Holds body erect and makes movement possible

• Generates 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm

• Moves food through the digestive system

• Aids in the flow of fluids through vessel

Functions of the Muscular System

Musculoskeletal system

Muscular and Skeletal System jointly known as the…

600 muscles (40-45% of the body’s weight)

How many muscles in the body (Makes up how much of the body’s weight)

Muscle Fibers

The long, slender cells that make up muscles. Each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue.

Connective Tissue

What binds the muscle fibers together?

Fascia (fasciae/fascias)

A band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles. ████ is flexible to allow muscle movements.

Myofascial

Pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

my/o

word part for muscle

fasci

word part for fascia

Tendons

A narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

Ligaments

Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone

Patellar tendon

A tendon that attaches the muscles to the bottom of the patella

Achilles tendon

A tendon that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the calcaneus

Gastrocnemius Muscle

Major muscle of the calf of the leg that is attached to the calcaneus

Aponeurosis

A sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone. Such as the abdominal aponeurosis.

3 (Skeletal, Smooth, Myocardial)

How many types of muscles?

Skeletal Muscles

Muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motion possible. They are striped under a microscope and are voluntarily controlled.

Voluntary muscles

Muscles (such as skeletal) that we have conscious control over.

Striated muscles

Muscles that, under a microscope, have dark and light bands of muscle fibers creating a striped appearance.

Smooth Muscles

Muscles located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands. Their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures. They do not look striped and are not controllable.

Involuntary Muscels

Muscles (such as smooth and myocardial) that are under the control of the automatic nervous system and are not controllable.

Unstriated muscles

Muscles that do not have bands under a microscope.

Visceral Muscles

Muscles (such as smooth) that are found in hollow structures and in large internal organs, except the heart.

Myocardial Muscles/ Myocardium/ Cardiac muscle

Muscles that form the muscular walls of the heart. They are stripped, but are also involuntary, controlling the beating of the heart.

Muscle innervation

the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. It causes the muscle to contract and relax.

Motor nerve

A nerve that enables the brain to stimulate a muscle allowing for voluntary muscular contractions. If the impulse is disrupted it can cause the muscle not be able to function properly.

Neuromuscular

The relationship between nerve and muscle

Antagonistic muscle pairs

Muscles in a pair that work in opposition to each other. One would contract while the other relaxes.

Contraction

The tightening of a muscle. As the muscle █████, it becomes shorter and thicker, causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge

Relaxation

When a muscle returns to its original form. As the muscle ████, it becomes longer and thinner, and the belly is no longer enlarged.

Antagonistic muscle pair

The triceps and biceps are a █████ muscle pair

Abduction (muscle: abductor)

The movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body (outwards). This muscle is called?

ab-

Word part for away from

duct

Word part for to lead

-ion

Word part for action

Adduction (muscle: adductor)

Movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body (inwards). This muscle is called?

ad-

Word part for towards

Flexion (Flexor muscle)

Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint. This muscle is called?

Extension (Extensor Muscle)

Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb. This muscle is called?

Elevation (Muscle: levator)

The act of raising or lifting a body part. This muscle is called?

Levator anguli oris

Muscles in the face that raises the corners of the mouth into a smile :)

Depression (muscle: depressor)

The act of lowering a body part. This muscle is called?

Depressor anguli oris

Muscles of the face that lowers the corners of the mouth into a frown :(

Rotation

A circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint. (Point of rotation)

Axis

An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body, and rotation turns a bone on its own ███.

Circumduction

Circular movement at the far end of a limb. Ex is the swinging motion of the far end of the arm.

Rotator Muscle

Muscle that turns a body part on its axis. For example, the head of the humerus rotates within the shoulder joint.

Rotator cuff

The group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint

Supination

the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.

Pronation

The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

Dorsiflexion

The movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle. Pointing the toes and foot upward decreases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg.

Planter Flexion

The movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle. ████ means pertaining to the sole of the foot. Pointing the toes and foot downward increases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg

Superficial muscles

Muscles located near the surface, just under the skin.

Muscles of the Front

Muscles of the back

Origin

Where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton. The █████ is the less movable attachment. Muscles can be named after this point

Insertion

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. The █████ is the more movable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Muscles that help bend the neck and rotate the head. It is named after its two points of origin. The sternum and clavicle and its point of insertion the mastoid process

Stern/o

Word part for sternum

Cleid/o

Word part for clavicle

Flexor/extensor carpi muscles

Pair of muscles that make flexion and extension of the wrist possible.

Carpi

Word part for wrist/wrist bone

Pectoralis Major

A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall. It makes up for the bulk of the chest muscles. In the female, this muscle lies under the breasts.

Pectoral

Word meaning relating to the chest

Lateralis

Word meaning towards the side

Vastus lateralis

A large muscle toward the outer side of the leg

Vastus

Latin word for huge

Medialis

Word that means towards the midline

Vastus medialis

A muscle toward the midline of the leg. These muscles are part of the quadriceps that flex and extend the leg at the knee

Oblique

Word meaning slanted or at an angle

Rectus

Word that means in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body. As an example.

Sphincter

A ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway. A sphincter is named for the passage involved

Anal sphincter

A muscle that closes the anus

Transverse

Word that means a crosswise direction.

bi-

word part for two

tri-

word part meaning three

-ceps

Word part meaning head

Biceps

muscles formed from two divisions

Triceps

Muscles formed from three divisions

Gluteus maximus

Largest muscle of the buttock

Maximus

Word that means great or large

Deltoid muscle

A muscle located on the shoulder shaped like an inverted triangle. It forms the muscular cap of the shoulder.

Hamstring group

Three muscles located on the back of the upper leg. They perform knee flexion and hip extension

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles

The three muscles of the hamstring group

Frontalis/occipitofrontalis

Muscle of the forehead that raises and lowers the eyebrow

Temporalis

Muscle that moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

Masseter

One of the strongest muscle in the body that moves the lower jaw to close the mouth when chewing.

External oblique muscles

Muscles found in the abdomen that flex and rotate the vertebral column. They also flex the torso and compress the abdomen.

Internal oblique muscles

Muscles found in the abdomen that flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help us breathe, and rotate the spine.

Rectus abdominis

Muscles in the trunk that helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine.

Transverse abdominis

Muscle that is located on the side of the abdomen. This core muscle is engaged when a person laughs or coughs.

Trapezius

Muscle that moves the head and shoulder blade.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow.

Triceps brachii

muscle located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow.

Rectus femoris

Muscle that extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint.

Quadriceps femoris

Made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee.

vastus lateralis and vastus medialis

Two muscles of the quadriceps femoris mentioned in the book.

Gastrocnemius

The calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward. The name comes from the Latin for “█████ of the leg,” because of the way this muscle bulges out.

Exercise physiologist

A specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.

Neurologist

A physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function