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French Revolution
A revolution in France from 1789 to 1791 that marked the end of monarchy and the rise of republican ideals.
Marquis De Lafayette
A French officer who fought for the Americans in the American Revolution and returned to France with a passion for liberty.
Legal Equality
The principle that all individuals are subject to the same laws and legal standards.
Sovereignty
The authority of a state to govern itself or another state; a voice in the political process.
Royal Despotism
A government system where the monarch has absolute power and authority, often associated with absolutism.
Desacralization
The process of stripping a royal figure of the sacred aura typically associated with divine right.
Estates General
A legislative body in France representing the three estates: clergy, nobility, and everyone else.
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they were recognized as the National Assembly.
Great Fear
A wave of peasant riots and violence against nobles in France, fueled by rumors of noble reprisals.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A fundamental document of the French Revolution that defined individual rights and collective rights for all citizens.
Suffrage
The right to vote in political elections.
Olympe De Gouges
A self-taught writer and activist who advocated for women's rights and authored the 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman'.
National Assembly
The revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate, which played a crucial role in the early stages of the French Revolution.
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries set by a constitution.
Bastille
A royal prison in Paris, stormed on July 14, 1789, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.
Tithes
A one-tenth portion of annual earnings or produce previously collected by the Church.
National Guard
A militia created in response to the need for protection during the revolutionary events in France.
What happened on July 14, 1789?
The storming of the Bastille, which marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
What event took place on August 26, 1789?
The adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
When was the Tennis Court Oath taken?
The Tennis Court Oath was taken on June 20, 1789, by members of the Third Estate.
King Louis XVI
The last king of France before the French Revolution, reigning from 1774 until his execution in 1793.
Execution of King Louis XVI
Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on January 21, 1793, after being convicted of treason.
Louis XVI's reign
Characterized by financial difficulties, the influence of Enlightenment ideas, and the eventual outbreak of the French Revolution.
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, beginning in Great Britain.
Textile Industry
One of the first sectors to industrialize, involving the production of textiles and cloth, which grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution.
Steam Engine
A pivotal invention that allowed for mechanized power and transformed transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution.
Factory System
A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor, which became a key characteristic of industrial work during this period.
Urbanization
The process by which rural areas transform into urban areas, significantly accelerated by industrialization as people moved to cities for work.
Child Labor
The employment of children in factories and industries, which was common during the Industrial Revolution, often in poor conditions.
Labor Unions
Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better working conditions, wages, and rights, which emerged as a response to industrial labor practices.
Mass Production
The manufacturing of goods in large quantities, often using assembly line techniques, which became widespread during the Industrial Revolution.
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by private ownership of production and the concept of a free market, which grew during the Industrial Revolution.
Socialism
A political and economic theory advocating for the means of production to be owned or regulated by the community as a response to capitalism's challenges during the Industrial Revolution.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individualism over tradition and religion.
John Locke
An English philosopher whose ideas about government and individual rights influenced the development of democratic thought, particularly the concept of the social contract.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became Emperor of the French.
Napoleonic Code
A civil code established under Napoleon in 1804, which laid down the foundations of modern legal systems in many countries.
Battle of Waterloo
The battle in 1815 where Napoleon was defeated, leading to his final exile.
Exile to Elba
Napoleon's first exile in 1814 after his initial abdication, from which he escaped to return to France briefly.
Second French Revolution
A series of events that took place mainly in 1848, resulting in the overthrow of Louis-Philippe and the establishment of the Second Republic.
February Revolution of 1848
The initial revolt in France that led to the abdication of King Louis-Philippe and the establishment of the provisional government.
Provisional Government
The temporary government established in France after the abdication of Louis-Philippe, aimed at creating a new constitution.
Louis Blanc
A French socialist who played a key role in the Second Revolution, advocating for workers' rights and social reforms.
Second Republic
The government established in France following the Second French Revolution, lasting from 1848 to 1852, marked by social and political upheaval.
Jacobin
A member of a political club during the French Revolution known for radical views and advocating for a centralized republican government.
Girondist
A member of a political faction during the French Revolution that advocated for moderate policies and was primarily composed of members from the regions outside Paris.
The Mountain
A radical faction within the National Convention during the French Revolution, representing the interests of the urban poor and pushing for more extreme measures.
Sans-culottes
Working-class men and women during the French Revolution who were known for their long trousers and played a significant role in the revolutionary movement by advocating for direct action and social equality.
Thermidorian Reaction
The period following the fall of Robespierre in July 1794, marked by a backlash against the radicalism of the French Revolution and leading to the relaxation of many revolutionary policies.
Reign of Terror
A period during the French Revolution from 1793 to 1794 characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution.
Haitian Revolution
A successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place between 1791 and 1804, leading to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black-led nation.
Technological Innovations of the Industrial Revolution
Advancements that greatly improved manufacturing processes, including mechanization and assembly lines.
Steam-Powered Transportation
Transportation methods, such as locomotives and steamships, that utilized steam engines for movement, revolutionizing travel and trade.
Iron Law of Wages
Economic theory proposed by David Ricardo stating that wages naturally settle at a level sufficient to support the life of the worker.
Industrialization of the Continent
The spread of industrial practices and the establishment of factories across Europe during the 19th century.
Tariff Protection
Government-imposed duties on imported goods aimed at protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.
Work in Early Factories
Labor in the early industrial era characterized by long hours, low wages, and often poor working conditions.
Factory Acts
Legislation introduced in the UK to improve conditions for workers, particularly women and children, in factories.
Luddites
Workers who protested against the industrial revolution by destroying machinery that they believed threatened their jobs.
Class Consciousness
Awareness of one's social class and its interests, often leading to collective action among the working class.
Combination Acts
Laws passed in Britain prohibiting workers from organizing into trade unions, intended to maintain employer power over labor.
Thomas Paine
An English-born American political activist and philosopher, author of 'Common Sense,' advocating for independence from Britain.
George Washington
The commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, he became the first President of the United States.
Maximilien Robespierre
A leading figure during the French Revolution, known for his role in the Reign of Terror and advocating for democracy.
Jean-Paul Marat
A radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution, known for his fiery writings advocating for the rights of the poor.
Adam Smith
An economist and philosopher, author of 'The Wealth of Nations,' who laid the foundations of classical economics and free-market theory.
James Watt
An inventor whose improvements to the steam engine were pivotal in the Industrial Revolution, revolutionizing manufacturing and transportation.
Samuel Slater
An English immigrant known as the 'Father of the American Industrial Revolution' for bringing British textile technology to America.
Henry Bessemer
An inventor who developed the Bessemer process for the mass production of steel, significantly advancing industrial manufacturing.
Robert Owen
A social reformer and factory owner who advocated for better working
Little Ice Age
A period of cooler temperatures that lasted from roughly the 14th to the mid-19th century, impacting agriculture, climate, and society in Europe and North America.
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