Social Science Survey 2nd Sem. Final Review

Social Science Survey 2nd Sem. Final Review

Anthropology

Study the relationship between biologically and socially acquired characteristics

Economics

Study of how humans satisfy unlimited wants and needs with limited resources

Geography

Study of how the natural environment influences social and cultural development

History

Study of past events to understand them and relate them to the present

Political Science

Study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within society

Psychology

Study of human thoughts and behaviors on an individual behavior

Sociology

Studies the relationships among people and the group characteristics

what is true about Evolution and Creation theories?

Neither theory is completely proven

purpose of physical anthropology

Find the origins of human society

origin of the human species

Africa

what we learned from moths during industrial rev.

A change in an environment can result in the evolution of species living there

what primate are we closest in DNA and behavior

Chimpanzees

largest difference between primates and man

Abstract/Advanced Reasoning

similarities between primates and man

have family life, care for young ; express emotional responses (gratitude, shame, sociable, & cooperative) and compete and engage in play

how do we fill in fossil gaps

genetic studies

abrupt internal change in a gene

Mutation

Process of adapting to your environment and producing more offspring

natural selection

walking on two legs

bi-pedalism

Passed on by parents and creates genes

alleles

study of heredity

genetics

Discovered Lucy or Australopithecus Aferensis

donald johanson

Credited with finding Homo-Habilis

Mary & Louis Leakey

Studied chimpanzees in their natural environment

Jane Goodall

Believed to be what split the apes from the hominids

Australopithecus Afarensis

Upright Man

Homo-Erectus

Reasoning Man

Homo-Sapiens

Tool Maker

Homo-Habilis

Very similar to humans but shorter and less intelligent

neanderthal

Skull capacity was similar to humans but shorter than Neanderthals

Cro-Magnons

purpose of cultural anthropology

Study socially acquired characteristics in order to learn how society developed

A body of individuals living as members of a community is a definition of a(n):

Society

________ emphasizes the shared aspects of culture of subcultures, whereas ________ emphasizes the differences in culture among subcultures

Monoculturalism, Multiculturalism

______ is an unusual way of behaving

taboo

what is people's customs and rules for living based on a pattern of legal concepts

social norm

what is it called when you’re cheering for teams in Detroit when you live in Chicago

Convention

what is not a culture object or artifact

A high school education

lements of society that are common to all cultures are called

cultural universals

describe Yanamamo/Yanamami

The Yanomami are an indigenous people living in the Amazon rainforest, primarily in Brazil and Venezuela, known for their unique culture and traditional way of life.

cultural diffusion

existence of McDonald’s restaurants throughout China, France, India and Australia

what are factors prevent change?

value attachment, stability of social norms, & cultural alternatives

“vested interest” relates to:

value attachment

 Cultural Lag

9 month school year being based on an agricultural economy ; Inability to control “sexting” with the development of cell phones ; Inability to control Cyber-bullying through the internet, phones, and other electronic mediums

For a social problem to exist, which of the following criteria must be present

People believe the problem must change

The idea that all cultures are equally valid is

cultural relativism

attitude that describes american that feels american life is superior than all others

ethnocentrism

historical event spurred the field of Sociology

industrial revolution

topics sociologist study

socialization and deviance ; the family and education systems ; & gender and ethnicity

sociologist associated with survival of the fittest

Herbert Spencer

father of sociology

August Comte

First to publish a book in France studying moral statistics

Guerry

sociologist interested in what united people into groups

Max Weber

sociologist that studied crime and deviance

Emile Durkheim

social structure

statuses and roles

ascribed roles

gender & ethnicity

reciprocal roles

Being both a parent and a child

role sets

A parent being expected to be a caregiver, provider, teacher, etc.

socialization

process where we learn to relate to family members, classmates. And learn social norms.

control theory

Deviant behavior comes from our natural desire to rebel

 Differential Association Theory

Deviant behavior occurs because two groups have opposing social norms

 Illegitimate Opportunity Theory

Crime is all around us but different social classes have different types of crime

labeling theory

Deviant behavior occurs because people are labeled in a negative way

strain theory

Deviance is a necessary part of society that promotes social unity and social change

american family description

compromised of a father, mother, one or more children, father works and mother stays home, makes up 10% of population

family today vs 100 years ago

More people are living together without becoming married; Same-sex marriages are legal in some countries

Ways family vary throughout the world

Family Control (Patriarchy, matriarchy, etc.) ; Selection of Mates (arranged or personal choice)

monogamy

being in relationship with one other person (male and female)

Changes in the family during the last century

single family homes, 1 children is the norm

characteristics of sex and singles

Codes of sexual behavior may vary by culture ; The 1960’s Sexual revolution created a more relaxed attitude toward casual sexual behavior today ; The fear of sexually transmitted diseases is reducing sexual activity

factors affecting happiness with senior citizens during retirement

join a club/group. work/volunteer for part time job ; be flexible and try new things, focus on being social throughout environment

% of first marriages to end in a divorce

40%

characteristics of the singles' class in the USA

increased last 20 years ; those who dont marry are divorcees ; stimulated the growth of health clubs, clubs and bars, and dating services, relatively new class

rights fought by gays and lesbian started fighting for in the 1960s

Receive their partner’s employment benefits (health insurance); Adopt or receive the custody of children; Right to inherit their partner’s property after the partner’s death; Visitation rights for their partners in hospitals

unions between heterosexuals and homosexuals can be recognized as

marriage

technologies that have affected the families functioning

Contraceptives (birth control, condoms, etc.) have determined when and if people have families ; Labor-saving devices in the home (Fridges, vaccums, etc.)

The parents never set a curfew and the child returns home whenever they choose

laissez-faire (permissive)

This type of parenting is best if the child is growing up in tough, troubled areas, such as the ghetto.

Authoritarian

Resembles that of a democratic society

Authoritative

most religions include

A belief in God or gods ; Some concept of an after life ; Some theory of salvation

religion with the adherents

Christianity

describe Hinduism

it has no founder ; it has no distinct creeds ; it has no unique path to salvation

Buddhism was founded by

Shakyamuni Gautama

The Protestant Reformation led to

a considerable period of religious and political turmoil

what is the Koran or Quran

The scriptures of the Moslems

education includes

efforts to learn, teach beliefs, ways of life, values, knowledge and skills

purpose of formal education

Transmitting knowledge and skills ; socialization ; social control ; developing individuality

dual thrust of American education

idea that schools should foster the development of both individuality and the socialization of students

the impact of New England colonies on education

idea that all citizens of a democracy should be taught reading, writing, and arithmetic

A system that separates those children who will go on to college or university education from those who will not and that provides a different type of education or each is a:

dual system

describe education in China

Students attend school many hours ; Most school buildings are shabby and ill-equipped by Western standards ; Competition is intense ; Parents exert pressure on their children to excel academically

describe community colleges

prepare students to enter a four-year college or university in their junior year ; increased in number greatly after World War II ; provide various types of vocational training

describe vocationalists

argue that courses should provide skills needed in business

describe private schools

have always been a part of the U.S. educational system