Myers Psychology for AP Unit 11 - Intelligence (copy)

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores

general intelligence

a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing

grit

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet, the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test

intelligence quotient (iq)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca), multiplied by 100 (ma/ca x 100).

On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned to a score of 100, with scores assigned to a relative performance above or below average

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; the capacity to learn

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of the pretested group

normal curve

the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extreme

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

predictive validity

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity)

cohort

a group people form over a period of time

crystalized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental activity, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below, and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life (formerly known as mental retardation)

down syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. May vary depending on the range of populations and environments studies

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Charles Spearman

We have one general intelligence “g”

l.l thurstone

Identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities and those who did well in one category did well in the others supporting Spearmans theory

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verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning

Howard Gardner

Proposes 8 relatively independent intelligence’s

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Visual Spatial-ability to perceive, analyze

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Linguistic-ability to learn languages

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Interpersonal-capacity to understand the intentions

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Intrapersonal-capacity to understand oneself

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Logical-ability to solve problems

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Musical-ability to produce and appreciate rhythm

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Bodily kinesthetic-ability to solve problems or create products using the body or parts

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Natualistic-ability to identify, classify and manipulate elements of the environment

Robert Sternberg

Proclaims the triarchic theoryof intelligence’s

Analytical-solve well defined problems

Creative-come up with new ideas

Practical-everyday tasks that have multiple solutions

William Stern

Creator of IQ and IQ test. Was also a racist and believed whites were more intelligent than others

David Wechsler

Creator of the Wechsler intelligence scale

Heritability of intelligence

Twins share intelligence levels

5% attributing factors

Environmental on intelligence

\-Extreme neglect reduces intelligence

\-After children are adopted their intelligence levels increase

Woman are better at

Better at verbal fluency, detecting emotion and locating objects

Men are better at

Spatial ability like math

Schools and culture

what influences intelligence more race or schools and culture

Classical Bias

Test failing to predict future behavior accurately across all groups

Innate Bias

Produced to to cultural differences from the test writer and test taker

Sir Frances Galtan

proponent of social Darwinism, eugenics, and scientific racism

\-believed that intelligence and most other physical and mental characteristics of humans were inherited and **biologically based**

\-eugenics

\-invented the **word-association test**

longitudinal study

research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.

James Flynn

Discovered the **Flynn Effect**

\-Increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores over time

WAIS

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

\-The most advanced adult measure of cognitive ability

\-Designed to measure adults

WISC

**Measures intellectual ability of children from 6 to 16 years.** It was developed to provide an overall measure of general cognitive ability, Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed

Cross Sectional Study

the investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time.