World History Unit 4 Test

Imperialism

The extension of power by acquiring territory or exploiting weaker nations to serve national interests.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

A meeting where European powers divided Africa among themselves, ignoring indigenous cultures and boundaries.

Cecil Rhodes

A British imperialist who envisioned expanding the British Empire across Africa through infrastructure such as a railway from the Cape to Cairo.

E.D. Morel

A journalist who exposed the atrocities committed in the Congo under King Leopold II's regime.

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

An uprising of Indian soldiers against the British East India Company, sparked by disrespect to their religion.

Indirect Rule

A colonial administration method employed by the British, maintaining local leaders while exerting control over political and economic decisions.

Congo Reform Movement

A campaign aimed to end exploitation and atrocities committed in the Congo Free State under King Leopold II.

King Leopold II

The King of Belgium notorious for his brutal rule in the Congo Free State, exploiting its resources for personal gain.

New Imperialism

The late 19th-century phase of imperialism characterized by the acquisition of large territories in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

Gold, Glory, and God

The original motivations behind early imperialism, focusing on wealth, national prestige, and religious spread.

Satyagraha

Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience against British rule.

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement known for advocating non-violent resistance.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion, colonization, and partition of African territory by European powers in the late 19th century.

Assimilation

The process encouraged by French colonialists aiming to integrate colonies into French culture.

Custodial Murder System

The term E.D. Morel used to describe the brutal methods of forced labor and the slave system in the Congo.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

A revolutionary group in India that sought independence through violent means and rejected Gandhi's non-violent philosophy.

Cultural Alienation

The process in which indigenous people become disconnected from their traditional values and practices due to colonial influence.

Queen Victoria

The monarch whose reign saw the expansion of the British Empire and the promotion of imperialism as a national duty.

Industrial Revolution

A period of industrial growth that drove imperialism, increasing the demand for raw materials and new markets.

Missionaries in Africa

Individuals, often of European descent, who traveled to Africa to spread Christianity and often unintentionally exacerbated colonial exploitation.

Rudyard Kipling's 'The White Man's Burden'

A poem that justified imperialism by suggesting that it was the duty of Europeans to civilize other peoples.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

The agreement that ended the First Opium War, ceding Hong Kong to Britain and opening several Chinese ports to British trade.

Cultural Supremacy

The belief in the superiority of one's own culture, often used to justify imperialism and the transformation of other cultures.

King Menelik II

The Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully resisted Italian colonization during the Battle of Adowa in 1896.

Jewel in the Crown

The term used to describe India's significant value to the British Empire, due to its resources and strategic location.

Labor exploitation in colonies

The ruthless use of native labor in colonies, often resulting in severe working conditions and human rights abuses.

Social Darwinism

The belief that some societies are naturally superior, justifying imperialism as a means to civilize 'lesser' societies.

Nationalism

A sense of pride and unity within a nation, often leading to movements for independence from colonial rule.

Direct Rule vs Indirect Rule

Direct Rule involves the controlling country directly administering the colony, while Indirect Rule maintains local leaders under the controlling country's authority.

Economic Motives of Imperialism

The pursuit of new markets, raw materials, and profitable investment opportunities that drove imperial nations to expand.

Ideological Motives of Imperialism

Beliefs in racial superiority and a duty to civilize non-European peoples that fueled European expansionism.

Racial Policies in Colonies

Colonial laws and practices founded on beliefs of racial superiority, leading to discrimination and cultural suppression.

Resistance Movements

Efforts by colonized people to oppose foreign domination and control, manifesting in various forms, including military, political, and social actions.