Psychology 3.1/3.2

What themes are examined in Developmental Psychology across different ages?

Nature vs. Nurture, Continuity vs. Discontinuity, Stability vs. Change

What does 'Nature vs. Nurture' refer to in Developmental Psychology?

It refers to whether genetic factors (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) shape an individual.

What are Continuity and Discontinuity in the context of development?

Continuity refers to gradual development over time, while Discontinuity refers to abrupt changes in stages.

What is the difference between Cross Sectional Studies and Longitudinal Studies?

Cross Sectional Studies collect data from different individuals at one time, while Longitudinal Studies repeatedly examine the same individuals over time.

What are teratogens?

Agents, such as drugs or viruses, that can cause harm to an embryo or fetus.

What condition results from a mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

What is a Critical Period in early development?

A specific time window when a child's brain is highly receptive to learning important skills.

What is imprinting in animals?

A phenomenon where animals form a strong bond with the first entity they see after birth.

What is the 'startle reflex' in newborns?

A reflex where a baby's arms and legs stretch out and clench up when startled.

What does the Visual Cliff Apparatus test for?

It tests whether babies have depth perception.

What is maturation in developmental psychology?

The orderly sequence of biological growth.

What is the adolescent growth spurt?

A short period of rapid change in height and weight during adolescence.

What hormonal changes occur during puberty?

Changes lead to physical maturation and sexual maturity.

What happens to women during menopause?

Women stop menstruation and their fertility declines.

How does exercise impact aging according to the notes?

Exercise slows down aging both mentally and physically and stimulates neurogenesis.

What is the primary focus of Developmental Psychology?

It studies physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes throughout the lifespan.

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in teenage brain development?

It develops later than the limbic system, affecting emotional regulation and risk-taking.

What are primary sex characteristics?

Physical traits directly involved in reproduction that distinguish males from females.

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Features that typically distinguish sexes but are not directly involved in reproduction.

What declines in physical ability do adults experience over time?

Strength, reaction time, mobility, flexibility, and cardiac output begin to decline.

What happens to the immune system as we age?

The immune system weakens, making older adults more susceptible to serious illnesses.

What effect does exercise have on the brain in older adults?

Exercise can slow down brain atrophy and promote the development of new brain cells.