Lamm Unit 3 Notecards

Honors American

Isolationism

A foreign policy of avoiding affairs or involvement with others

-George Washington’s Farewell Address

-Industrial Growth allowed the shift from isolationism to imperialism

Imperialism

Expanding borders and influence to build and empire

-Stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

S+

1. Spread our way of life; civilize others

2. Religion

3. Education

4. U.S. public opinion supported it

P+

1. Spread democracy

2. Increase military power (Alfred Mahan - navy ) 1890 - 3rd biggest navy in the world

E+

1. Coaling stations

2. Natural resources

3. Trade competition with Europe ( had a head-start )

S-

1. Fight for equality in America ongoing ( Jim Crow )

P-

1. Violates own ideals of liberty, freedom, and self-government

E-

1. Potential harm on U.S. workers

The Pacific

America extended control towards Pacific in the 19th century

-New city ports in Pacific gave the U.S. opportunities to expand global trade network

Early Encounters ( China, Japan, Caribbean )

Potential profits from trade with China and Japan - Motivation to extend U.S. reach into Pacific and formalize diplomatic relations

-Treaty of Wangxia-1840-protect U.S. business interests

-1853-Commadore Matthew Perry-Tokyo Bay Negotiation

-Treaty of Kanagawa-opens 2 Japanese refueling ports

-Harris Treaty-1858-opens it’s ports to trade

-Mexican American War-idea of increasing territory

-Interventionists-those willing to interfere with the economic, political, or social affairs of other nations

Alaska

William Seward-1867-buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

-”Seward’s Icebox”, “Seward’s Folly”

-1959-Alaska became a state

-Timber, minerals, oil

Hawaii

1887-pressured Hawaii to build Pearl Harbor; coaling station

-Overthrew Queen, set up government-Sanford B. Dale

-President Cleveland-wanted Queen on throne, Dak-no; republic of Hawaii

-NO annexation unless Hawaiians favored

-President McKinley-annexation, Hawaiians-no chance to vote; 1898 territory

Yellow journalism

Exaggeration news to sell more papers

-Competition for readers

-Alleged mistreatment Cuban people (Our hemisphere) by Spain-growing hatred and distrust

USS Maine

Battleship, sunk in Havana, February 1898

-Accidental explosion, blamed on Spain, yellow journalism

-Pulitzer and Hearst

War With Spain

Cuba and Philippines

-4 months ago, 400 dead (2,000+ disease)

-TR, Rough Riders, San Juan Hill

-Unimportant, YJ-TR war hero

Aftermath

Treaty of Paris (Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam…PPG)

-Philippine-American War (1898-1902)

-Filipino rebels attacked, rejected occupation, 4,000 American dead, 20,000 Filipino dead

Western Hemisphere

From the middle of the Atlantic Ocean through Eastern Asia

Teller Amendment

Growing distrust in Spain of the United States

-Written in April, 1898 (2 months after sinking of the Maine)

-Amendment to war declaration stating the U.S. had no interest in controlling Cuba

-Declared Cuba independent (War declaration)

Platt Amendment

Written in March, 1901 (Amendment to Cuba’s new constitution)

1. Limited Cuba’s ability to make treaties with others

2. Required Cuba to lease land for U.S. naval base (Guantanamo Bay)

3. Cuba became a Protectorate of U.S. (Smaller country partially controlled by a stronger one)

Roosevelt Corollary

Latin American countries refused to pay debts to Europe

-Addition to Monroe Doctrine

-International Police Power in Western Hemisphere

-Latin American nations pay back debts

-Led to dollar diplomacy

-Economic strength in addition to military force

Panama Canal

Canal through Central America

1. Cut travel time for merchant ships

2. A sign of American strength and commitment to imperialism

3. Panama; part of Colombia-Colombia said no-revolt in Panama, new agreement to build canal

Constructing the canal

Began in 1904-lasted 10 years; ~6,000 deaths (2 per day)

-Completed in 1914, 51 miles, much above sea level-locks

Legacy

Exceleration U.S. as world power-especially in Western Hemisphere

-”Big stick supremacy”, Speak softly and carry a big stick

-”Big stick” vs. “The open door”, 1899-American push to make trade in China fair to all countries equally

American “Neutrality”

WW1 broke out in 1914

-Neutrality; not choosing sides (Not the same as isolationism) “This time” vs. “Never”

-1916-Woodrow Wilson for reelection-”He has kept us out of war”

-U.S. traded with England and France, but not with Germany and their allies

Political reasons U.S. declared war

April 1917 (Foreign relation)

1. German unrestricted submarine warfare

2. Sinking of the Lusitania in May of 1915-1,200 dead, 128 of them American (Claimed America was smuggling weapons to the British)-At least consider American War involvement

3. Zimmermann-intercepted message from germany to Mexico-January 1917, decoded and published in Mexico (In support of Mexican invasion)-Help win back Texas, New Mexico, Arizona

Economic reasons U.S. declared war

1. April 1917-Trade with the allies (Allies lose-buy fewer goods and hurt economy)

2. Loans to the allies (Allies lose-can’t pay back loans and hurts economy)

America Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Combined ally forces in Europe-General “Blackjack” John Pershing-”Doughboys”-American soldier in WW1

Mobilization

To ready or prepare for war (Peace-War)

Militarily

Preparing the military to win war

The Selective Service Act

1917-established the draft

Liberty Bonds

Loans to government to pay for war

The Homefront

Preparing the country as a whole; back at home

The War Industries Board

Allocating resources and ensuring efficiency

-Make sure military had what it needed

The Committee on Public Informations (CPI)

Posters and propaganda, demonizing the enemy makes it easier to kill them

The Sedition Act

1918-Made it illegal to criticize the war

-Supreme court upheld Clear and Present Danger Act-to country and war efforts

Russia’s Exit from WW1

Why U.S. mobilization is so important

-March 1918-Russia left war after communist revolution

-No more Eastern Front, Germany reinforced front, America picked up the slack

Armistice

Cease fire-agreement to stop fighting (11AM, 11/11/18)

-Veteran’s Day

-Germany’s new government saw no path to victory; people starving, asked for help and peace

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 causes to end warfare

1. Militarism; weapons because of industrial revolution

2. Alliances; agreements or partnerships (many secret)

3. Imperialism; quest for empire (competition and ignoring borders) Natural resources=driving force

4. Nationalism; same culture/languages, own country (ignores border)

   -”War to end all wars”, “Make the world safe for democracy”

Reparations

“Repay” war bills (biggest reasons for rise of Hitler and Nazi parties)

-Germany made last reparations payment in September 2010

War costs

S. 116,000 American deaths, 40 million worldwide (~2.5% of world population)

-Super spreader for Spanish Flu (50 million worldwide)

P. Redrew Europe’s borders; 10+ new countries (most along nationalist lines)

E. Economy in ruins, even among winners (showed the danger of the industrial revolution and mass-produces weapons)

Treaty of Versailles

1919 agreement that formally ended WW1

-January 1918-Woodrow Wilson “We stand together until the end.”

-Paris-American leadership well received and expected

League of Nations

Wilson’s 14th point

-Group of world representatives who would peacefully save problems-America’s bold suggestion

US Senate: No to League of Nations

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge-primary critic of League of Nations

1. Other countries influence laws and policies (Immigrations)

2. Drag U.S. into future conflict (George Washington’s Farewell Address)

Conclusion

Despite American leadership, Treaty of Versailles solved very little

-1917 Balfour Declaration-England’s support for Jewish homeland in the Middle East

-1922, joint U.S. congress showed support

Pacific: U.S. Active & Decisive

Panama Canal, 1914

Coaling stations

Hawaii, 1898

Alaska, 1867

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

Trade with Japan and China

Spanish-American War, 1898

Europe: U.S. Hesitant

Neutrality, 1914

Not declaring war after the Lusitania sunk, 1915

Not in League of Nations, 1919

Europe: U.S. Active & Decisive

Fourteen points, 1918

L.O.N. estimated by U.S. in 1919

A.E.F. led on Western front, 1917

“We stand together”, 1918