Carbohydrates

Example of high carb foods

Pasta, bread, potatoes, soft drinks

General functions of carbohydrates in living organisms

Makes energy/fuel for cell; storage

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars; monomers; serve as fuel for cells; energy: ATP; simplest type of carbohydrates

3 elements of simple sugars/ carbs

carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

General formula of simple sugars

Compare # of C atoms to # of H atoms to # of O atoms

1:2:1

3 monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Hexose sugars

Refers to monosaccharides with 6 carbons

Pentose sugars

Refers to monosaccharides with 5 carbons

Glucose

The simple sugar sugar (monossacharide) made by plants

Fructose

The simple sugar found in fruits

Galactose

The simple sugar found in milk “milk sugar”

What ending do most sugars have?

\-ose

Isomers

Two compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures

3 Carbohydrate isomers

Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose

Aqueous

Watery or dissolves in water

Ring Structures

Formed when simple sugars, monosaccharides are put into aqueous solutions inside cells. (Cells have a lot of water in them)

Disaccharide

Double sugar formed by combining 2 monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis

3 common disaccharides

Sucrose, Maltose, & Lactose

Sucrose

Table sugar formed by glucose & fructose

Lactose

Milk sugar formed by galactose & glucose

Malatose

Grain sugar formed by glucose & glucose

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of chains of monosaccharides

4 polysaccharides important to living organisms

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Starch

Carbohydrate energy/stored molecules in plants; found in some foods

Monomer (monosaccharide) for starch

Glucose

Glycogen

Carbohydrate storage/energy molecules in animals (the liver)

(short term energy storage; carb-loading)

Monomer (monosaccharide) for glycogen

Glucose

Cellulose

Makes up structural component in plants and serves as dietary fiber in animals

CAN NOT BE DIGESTED BY HUMANS

Monomer (monosaccharide) for cellulose

Glucose

Can humans digest cellulose

NO

How can cows digest fiber?

They have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose

Chitin

found in the exoskeleton of insects and found in the cell walls of fungi which cannot be digested by humans

Monomer (monosaccharide) of Chitin

Glucose & nitrogen containing compound

Peptoglycan

Polysaccharide found in bacteria makes up cell wall (gram + thicker & more peptoglycan; gram - thinner & less peptoglycan)

What type of carbohydrate compound isn’t hydrophilic?

Polysaccharides

Hydrophilic

“water loving”

Oligosaccharides

Identifies for the cell, short: 3-10 monosaccharides long, attaches to a protein/lipids outside of the cell mb

What happens if you hydrolyze a starch molecule

Glucose

What happens if you hydrolyze a glycogen molecule

Glucose

What happens if you hydrolyze a sucrose molecule

Glucose & fructose

What happens if you hydrolyze a cellulose molecule?

Glucose

What happens if you hydrolyze a lactose molecule

Glucose & galactose

What happens if you hydrolyze a malatose molecule

glucose & glucose

What molecules cannot be hydrolyzed by the digestive system of most animals?

cellulose & chitin