Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion

What is motivation

A process that arouses, directs and maintains behavior toward a goal

What does the Latin roo of Motivation mean?

To move

What is drive reduction theory? Give an example.

The idea that a physiological need creates a drive that motivates us to reduce the need.

Ex: If I’m hungry I’m going to go eat.

What is arousal theory?

Our need to maintain a certain level of stimulation or arousal that does not meet a physiological need.

Ex: The desire that most people have to listen to music while they workout.

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?

Meeting lower (basic) need (like food and safety) before pursuing higher (advanced) ones (like self esteem and self actualization).

What is the oder of needs in Maslow’s theory?

Basic - Advanced

1. Physiological (food, water)

2. Safety (shelter, security)

3. Love/belonging (relationships)

4. Self esteem (confidence, achievement)

5. Self actualization (being your best self)

What brain structure plays a major role in regualting hunger?

The hypothalamus

What does the Lateral Hypothalamus do?

It stimulates hunger - if it’s active, you feel hungry.

What does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?

Signals fulness - if it’s active you know you’re full

Which hormone is released by the stomach to signal hunger?

Ghrelin

Which hormone is released by fat cells and reduce appetite

Leptin

Which psychology disorders have the highest mortality rate?

Eating disorders - bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa

What is anorexia nervosa ?

Self starvation and distorted body image. Very low weight. Intense fear of becoming overweight.

What is bulimia mervosa

Binge eating followed by purging. Fear of being overweight. Bodyweight is usually normal. Excessive exercise, misuse of laxatives, vomiting.

What are some benefits of belonging?

Enhanced well-being, improved health, emotional support, increased self esteem.

Describe the pain of ostracism.

Negative mood, emotional pain, impaired self control, aggression

What are the effects of social networking

Increased connectivity, community building, social comparison, perceived closeness.

Does social media promote narcissism?

There is some correlation between frequent social media use and narcissistic traits, especially in people who post a lot about themselves or seek validation through likes and comments. Not all social media users are narcissistic, it depends on the intent behind usage and the person.

What are some suggestions for maintaining balance and focus in terms of social media?

• monitor usage

• prioritize face-to-face interactions

• take social media breaks

• be intentional

• practice self reflection

What are the 3 components of emotion

Physical arousal, behavior expression, cognitive experience

What is the James-Lange theory?

Emotion comes after physiological changes (Ex: I feel afraid because my heart is racing)

What is the Canon-Bard Theory

Emotion and physiological changes happen at the same time (ex: I feel afraid and my heart starts racing)

What is the Schatcher-Singer Two Factor Theory?

Emotion=Arousal + cognitive label. (ex: I see a bear, my heart races, and I label my arousal as fear.)

Why are polygraphs usually wrong?

Polygraphs usually detect arousal rather than actual lies. They measure emotion-linked changes in breathing, heart rate, and perspiration. We have similar bodily arousal in response to anxiety, irritation and guilt. So the test results could be judged wrong.

What does the table say about polygraph test results being wrong?

About one-third of the time, test results are wrong.

What is facial feedback hypothesis

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotional experience. (ex: If i’m smiling, I’m more likely to feel happy even if the smile is fake.)

What are cultural display rules?

Cultural norms can influence how and when emotions are expressed. Expressions of emotion can be viewed differently across cultures.

What are the three main areas of focus in social psychology?

Social cognition, Social influence and Social relation.

What is the reciprocity technique? Give an example.

A persuasive technique where people feel obligated to return a favor.

ex: if a friend buys you something, you may feel obligated to do the same next time the opportunity comes up.

What is the scarcity principle of influence? Give an example.

People want more of the things they can’t have or that are limited.

ex: If a store has a limited edition product, people are more likely to buy it cause they know it won’t always be there.

What is the authority principle of influence? Give an example.

People are more likely to follow credible, knowledgable experts.

ex: if someone makes a video about skincare and they mention in the intro that they’re a dermatologist then people are more likely to follow their advice.

What is the consistency principle of influence?

The idea that people feel more pressure to act in a way that’s consistent to what they’ve said or done before.

ex: if I tell a friend that I’m gonna wake up early and go to the gym, I’m more likely to actually do it because I want to keep my word.

What is the consensus principle of influence? Give an example

People will look at the actions and behaviors of others before deciding their own course of action

ex: If I’m going out with friends and I don’t know if I want to wear sweatpants or jeans, I’m going to ask my friends what they’re wearing and decide based off of their answer.

What is the liking principle of influence? Give an example

People are more likely to say yes or agree with someone they like. (people that are similar to us, people that compliment us, or people that cooperate with us.)

ex: If I don’t know anyone at a new job, I’m more likely to get along the girl my age rather than the guy who’s a lot older than me.

What is the door in the face technique?

Asking for a large request (likely to get denied) and then asking for a smaller request

ex: ask for $100 - gets denied - asks for $50 - more likely to say yes

what is the foot in the door technique? Give an example.

Start with a small request (likely to agree) then move to a large request.

ex: Ask my mom to take me to the store to get one thing that’s cheap then when we get there I ask for something that’s more expensive.

What did Asch’s conformity study show?

People often conform to group pressure, even when the group is clearly wrong.

What are normative and informational influence?

Normative=to fit in

Informational= thinking the group knows better

What percent of participants conformed to Asch’s study?

About 75% conformed at least once.

What did Milgram’s obedience study demonstrate?

People will obey authoriy figures, even to the point of harming others

What is social loafing?

The tendencies to exert less effort in a group when individual performance isn’t indentified.

What is attribution theory?

It explains how people determine the cause of others’ behavior

What is internal (dispositional) attribution?

Blaming behavior on personality

What is external (situational) attribution?

Blaming behavior on the situation/ circucmstance.

What is an attitude

a person's way of thinking and feeling about someone or something, which can affect how they behave.

What is cognitive dissonance?

the uncomfortable feeling we get when our thoughts, beliefs, or actions don't match, and we try to reduce that discomfort by changing one of them.

What famous study demonstrated how roles affect behavior?

Zimbardo’s Stanford prison study.

What is proximity attraction?

When we like people who are physically close to us.

What is similarity attraction?

When we like people who are similar to us.

What do people usually think about someone that’s physically attractive?

We automatically think hey have good personality traits.

What is the matching hypothesis?

People tend to date others who are similarly attractive.

What is altruism?

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Like helping others without expecting anything in return.

What is the bystander and diffusion effect

Bystander: People are less likely to help if others are present.

Diffusion: With other people around, it reduces the feeling of responsibility

What was Kitty Genovese case an example of ?

Bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

Name 3 components of personality

Thoughts, emotion, and behaviors