AP Euro - Chapter 19 Section 1 Textbook Notes (industrialization)

What was a significant economic factor that contributed to the British Industrial Revolution?

The expansion of English woolen cloth exports in the 17th century.

How did Britain's colonial empire benefit its industrial growth?

It provided raw materials and a growing market for British goods.

What role did agriculture play in the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

New farming methods resulted in bountiful crops and lower food prices, freeing labor for factories.

What was the enclosure movement?

It left available workers to work in factories by consolidating land and reducing the number of small farms.

How did the British state influence industrialization?

Through heavy taxation and aggressive tariffs, particularly with the Navigation Acts.

What was the Putting Out System?

A system where merchants provided raw materials to cottage workers who processed them at home.

Who invented the cotton-spinning jenny and when?

James Hargreaves invented it in 1765.

What was the water frame and who invented it?

A spinning machine invented by Richard Arkwright that used water power.

What was the impact of the spinning jenny on the textile industry?

It allowed for increased production and efficiency in cotton spinning.

What technological advancement did Samuel Crompton contribute to the textile industry?

He updated the water frame around 1790, leading to larger scale water-powered factories.

How did the introduction of machine power change labor in factories?

It organized labor around the functioning of highly productive machines.

What was the significance of the cotton industry in the 18th century?

A lively market for cotton cloth emerged, leading to increased competition and innovation.

Why were British manufacturers able to compete successfully in international markets?

Due to revolutionary developments in the textile industry and the ability to produce both fine and coarse cotton thread.

What was the relationship between the cottage industry and the factory system?

Families using cotton in the cottage industry benefited from reliable machines and could obtain thread from nearby factories.

What was the outcome for weavers as a result of the industrial advancements?

The income of weavers rose, making them some of the highest earners in England.

What challenges did early machines face in terms of production?

They were initially too expensive to build and did not yield enough profit, leading to delayed adoption in Central Europe.

What social changes accompanied the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Increased literacy and knowledge of math due to families spending less on basic needs.

What was the overall pace of the Industrial Revolution?

It was a very slow revolution, despite the burst of inventions and technical changes.

What were the working conditions for children during the Industrial Revolution?

Children, often orphans, were forced to work in poor conditions from as young as 5 or 6 years old, enduring harsh physical punishment and long hours.

What was the significance of the creation of machine-powered factories in Britain?

It marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, significantly increasing productivity and contributing to 22% of the country's industrial production.

What energy sources did Europe primarily rely on before the Industrial Revolution?

Europe relied mostly on wood and human/animal labor for power.

What breakthrough did the British achieve with coal during the Industrial Revolution?

They began using coal to produce mechanical energy and power machinery, overcoming the limitations of wood.

Who were the inventors of the first steam engines?

Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam engines, known as Newcomen engines.

How did James Watt improve the steam engine?

He created a more efficient steam engine, partnering with industrialist Matthew Boulton to commercialize it.

What industries quickly adopted the steam engine in Britain?

The steam engine was used in mines, cotton-spinning, flourmills, breweries, and more.

What was the impact of the steam engine on the iron industry?

It led to significant advancements, such as Henry Cort's puddling furnace, which increased production and reduced costs.

What innovation improved transportation for the coal industry?

The development of rails capable of supporting heavy locomotives in 1816 improved transportation efficiency.

Who invented the first steam locomotive?

Richard Trevithick invented the first steam locomotive.

What was George Stephenson's contribution to rail transport?

He invented the Rocket, an effective locomotive first tested in 1829.

How did railroads affect the economy during the Industrial Revolution?

They reduced shipping costs and uncertainty, leading to larger markets and factories.

What was the Great Exhibition of 1851?

An industrial fair in London showcasing Britain's industrial technology and economic leadership.

What was the Iron Law of Wages proposed by David Ricardo?

It suggested that population growth pressure prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

What did Thomas Malthus predict about population growth?

He argued that rapid population growth would lead to famine and disease as natural population control.

What was the relationship between population growth and industrial development in Britain?

Rapid population growth provided a mobile labor force, essential for sustaining industrial development.

What was a major social issue resulting from industrialization?

Workers and ordinary people often did not receive their fair share of wealth, leading to increased inequality.

What was the role of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution?

It was a fundamental technological advance, providing seemingly unlimited power for various industries.

What was the impact of the steam ship invented in the 1770s?

It transformed water travel and spread across the world, enhancing trade and transportation.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the production of goods?

It led to increased production efficiency, making goods cheaper and more accessible.

What was the significance of the Crystal Palace in the Great Exhibition?

It was an architectural masterpiece made of glass and iron, symbolizing industrial progress.

What was the putting out system in cottage production?

It was a system where production was done at home before the rise of machine-powered factories.

What were the conditions for children working in factories?

They were often overworked, fed poorly, and subjected to harsh punishments.

What was the economic consequence of larger markets created by railroads?

Larger markets allowed for larger factories, which produced goods more cheaply.

What was the effect of the steam engine on the labor market?

It raised demand for unskilled labor, contributing to the growth of the urban working class.

What was the relationship between agriculture and population growth during the Industrial Revolution?

Innovations in agriculture were necessary to sustain the growing population.