Chapter 14 Vocab

Hydrolysis

________- Breakdown of a compound by water, often speeded up by reacting with base /alkali.

Electrophile

________- Acceptor of a pair of e,- carbocations are electrophiles.

Sigma

________ (σ) Bonds- single covalent bonds formed by "head on "overlap of atomic orbitals.

Pi

________ (π) Bond- multiple covalent bonds involving the sideways overlap of atomic orbitals.

Nucleophile

________- Donator of a pair of e,- electron rich.

Carbocation

________- An alkyl ion with a single positive charge on one carbon atom.

Oxidation

________- Addition of oxygen and /or removal of hydrogen from a molecule.

Reduction

________- Removal of oxygen and /or addition of hydrogen from a molecule.

Chiral Center

________- Carbon with 4 different groups attached, allows for optical isomerism, typically marked using asterisk*)

Cis

________- trans Isomerism- No free rotation exists, typically because of C= C.

Ketones

________- have C= O amidst hydrocarbon chain, general formula CnH (2n+1) COCmH (2m+1)

Alkenes

________- unsaturated hydrocarbons with a C= C bond, general formula CnH2n.

Stereoisomerism

________- Same molecules bonded to each other except in different arrangements; two types →cis- trans and optical.

Hydrocarbon

________- a compound made of carbon and hydrogen only.

Carboxylic Acids

________- hydrocarbons with a- COOH; general formula CnH (2n+1) COOH.

Alcohols

________- hydrocarbons with a hydroxy (OH) group; general formula CnH (2n+1) OH.

Arenes

________- hydrocarbons containing one or more benzene rings general formula: C6H5- (bond)

General Formula

________- A formula that represents a homologous series of compounds using letters and numbers; plug in any number n /m to get different compounds, listed for vocal words 7 to 16.

Functional Group

________- An atom /group of atoms in an organic molecule that determine the characteristic reactions of a homologous series, examples 7 to 16.

Free Radicals

________- Very reactive atoms /molecules that have a single unpaired e,- represented with a dot (H and Cl)

Structural Isomers

________- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas (3 types→ position, functional group, and chain)

Positive Inductive Effect

________- Property of an alkyl group to "push "e- away from themselves (b /c of this, more alkyl groups= lower charge density)

Heterolytic Fission

________- 1 atom takes both e,- marked using small curly arrows.

halogen halogen

Initiation Step- First step in mechanism of free radical substitution of alkanes by halogens, involves the breaking of the ________ bond by UV light from the sun.

Termination Step

________- Final step continuing from 34 and 35 where 2 free radicals react and form a molecule, ending the reaction.

Optical Isomerism

________- When 2 molecules are mirror images; sometimes called enantiomers, referenced using right- hand and left- hand analogy (b /c right and left hands are mirror images)

Hydrocarbon

a compound made of carbon and hydrogen only

Empirical Formula

the formula that tells us the simplest ratio of the different atoms present in a molecule

Molecular Formula

the formula that tells us the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule (C4H8 rather than CH2)

Structural Formula

the formula that tells us about the atoms bonded to each carbon atom in an organic molecule

Displayed Formula

a drawing of a molecule that shows all the atoms and bonds within the molecule

Skeletal Formula

a simplified version of the displayed formula; carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and C-H bonds are removed; everything else remains the same

Alkenes

unsaturated hydrocarbons with a C=C bond, general formula CnH2n

Halogenoalkanes

hydrocarbons with a -X, where X is F,Cl,Br, or I; General formula CnH(2n+1)X.

Alcohols

hydrocarbons with a hydroxy (OH) group; general formula CnH(2n+1)OH

Aldehydes

hydrocarbons with -CHO; general formula CnH(2n+1)CHO

Ketones

have C=O amidst hydrocarbon chain, general formula CnH(2n+1)COCmH(2m+1)

Carboxylic Acids

hydrocarbons with a -COOH; general formula CnH(2n+1)COOH

Esters

have a -COO bond amidst hydrocarbon chain; general formula CnH(2n+1)COOCmH(2m+1)

Amines

hydrocarbons with a -NH2(or NH(w/ 2 Carbon bonds) or just N(w/ 3 Carbon bonds)); general formula CnH(2n+1)NH2

Nitriles

Hydrocarbons with a C(triple bond)N, general formula CnH(2n+1)CN

Functional Group

An atom/ group of atoms in an organic molecule that determine the characteristic reactions of a homologous series, examples 7 to 16

General Formula

A formula that represents a homologous series of compounds using letters and numbers; plug in any number n/m to get different compounds, listed for vocal words 7 to 16

Alkyl Group

Alkane stem with -yl at the end

Sigma (σ) Bonds

single covalent bonds formed by "head on" overlap of atomic orbitals

Pi (π) Bond

multiple covalent bonds involving the sideways overlap of atomic orbitals

Structural Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas (3 types→ position, functional group, and chain)

Position Isomerism

Functional group positions vary

Functional Group Isomerism

Different functional groups present

Chain Isomerism

Carbon "skeleton" structures differ; aka main C-chain differs

Stereoisomerism

Same molecules bonded to each other except in different arrangements; two types →cis-trans and optical

Cis-trans Isomerism

No free rotation exists, typically because of C=C

Optical Isomerism

When 2 molecules are mirror images; sometimes called enantiomers, referenced using right-hand and left-hand analogy (b/c right and left hands are mirror images)

Chiral Center

Carbon with 4 different groups attached, allows for optical isomerism, typically marked using asterisk (*)

Heterolytic Fission

1 atom takes both e-, marked using small curly arrows

Free Radicals

Very reactive atoms/molecules that have a single unpaired e-, represented with a dot (H and Cl )

Initiation Step

First step in mechanism of free radical substitution of alkanes by halogens, involves the breaking of the halogen-halogen bond by UV light from the sun

Propagation Step

radicals formed in 34 can then attack reactant molecules generating more free radicals, can happen multiple times

Termination Step

Final step continuing from 34 and 35 where 2 free radicals react and form a molecule, ending the reaction

Carbocation

An alkyl ion with a single positive charge on one carbon atom

Electrophile

Acceptor of a pair of e-, carbocations are electrophiles

Nucleophile

Donator of a pair of e-, electron rich

Addition Reaction

Organic reaction where 2 reactant molecules form 1 product molecule (C2H4+Br2→C2H4Br2)

Elimination Reaction

Removal of a small molecule (like H2O or HCl) from an organic molecule

Substitution Reaction

Replacement of one atom/ group of atoms by another

Hydrolysis

Breakdown of a compound by water, often speeded up by reacting with base/alkali

Oxidation

Addition of oxygen and/or removal of hydrogen from a molecule

Reduction

Removal of oxygen and/or addition of hydrogen from a molecule