1st Year Summer Intersession Part 2

Breast

These are paired mammary glands that lie over muscles over the anterior chest wall

Estrogen and Progesterone

These are the hormones that enlarges the female breast tissue during puberty

Tail of spence

This is the upper outer quadrant that extends into the axillary area and where most breast tumors occur

* Produce milk
* Aid in sexual stimulation

These are the two main functions of the female breast tissue

Nipple

This is located in the center of the breast that contains tiny openings of the lactiferous ducts through which milk passes

Areola

This surrounds the nipple and contains elevated sebaceous glands called Montgomery glands

Glandular Tissue

This is a tissue responsible for milk production and transportation.

Alveoli

This is grape-like clusters of cells where milk is produced

Cooper’s ligaments

These are fibrous bands that attach the breast to the chest wall to keep it from sagging.

Oxytocin

This hormone that triggers the milk ejection reflex.

Prolactin

This is the hormone that produces milk

Drains impurities(fluids, microorganisms, etc.) in the breast

What is the purpose of the axillary lymph nodes

* Lateral (Brachial)
* Central (Midaxillary)
* Posterior (Subscapular)
* Anterior (Pectoral)

What are the major axillary lymph nodes?

Estrogen

This hormone stimulates the development of glandular tissue in women

Progesterone

This hormone stimulates growth and maturation of the duct system.

Gynecomastia

This is the firm enlargement of breasts in male that occurs when there is an abnormal increase of estrogen.

1. L - Lumps
2. N - Nipple Changes
3. M - Mammary Changes
4. O - Other Symptoms
5. P - Patient Risk Factors

In a breast assessment, what does LNMOP stand for?

Peau d’orange

This is an abnormal finding in the breast where there is an orange peel appearance of the breast.

7 days after menstruation

When is the appropriate time to perform breast self-examination after menstruation?

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

90% of breast cancer that occur in males is this type of cancer. What is it?

Septum

This is the partition that separates the left and right side of the heart

225 g

How heavy is the heart of a woman?

310 g

How heavy is the heart of a man?

* Lubricates
* Protects from infection

This is the main purpose of the pericardium

Chordae Tendineae

This anchors the AV valve flaps to the papillary muscle in the ventricles

Semilunar Valves

These valves are open during ventricular contraction and close from the pressure of the blood when the ventricles relax.

Pericardium

This is a tough, inextensible, and loose-fighting, fibro-serous sac that attaches to the great vessels and surrounds the heart

Epicardium

This is the outer layer of the heart

Myocardium

This is the thickest muscle of the heart and is made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells

Endocardium

This is the innermost layer of the heart

Diastole

This is the relaxation of the ventricles. (Filling)

Systole

This is the contraction of the ventricles (Emptying)

P wave

This is a phase in the ECG where atrial depolarization occurs

PR interval

This is a phase in the ECG where time from the beginning of the atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization is seen

QRS complex

This is a phase in the ECG where ventricular depolarization occurs

ST segment

This is the phase in the ECG where the period between ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarization is seen

T wave

This is the ventricular repolarization seen in the ECG

TP interval

This is the time in the ECG during which ventricles are relaxing and filling

S3 and S4

This is referred to as diastolic filling sounds which results from ventricular vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling.

Murmurs

These are caused by turbulent blood flow in which a swooshing or blowing sound and may be auscultated over the precordium.

* Increased blood velocity (pregnancy)
* Structural valve defects
* Valve malfunctions
* Abnormal chamber openings

These conditions contribute to heart murmurs

Cardiac Output

This is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles during a given period of time and is determined by SV x HR

Stroke volume

This is the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction.

Reduced left ventricular output or reduced blood volume.

In assessment of jugular venous pulse/ pressure, a decreased jugular venous pressure is indicative of what?

Bruit sounds

These are swishing sounds that occurs due to obstruction or narrowing on vessels that may indicate arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis

Thrills

These are purring sounds heard overlying the heart and may indicate narrowing of the arteries

Lifts

These are forceful cardiac contractions that may occur as the result of an enlarged ventricle from an overload of work.

Pericarditis

This is the swelling and irritation of the pericardium

Cardiac enlargement

As you assess a patient, you start palpations at the apical (mitral) area, however, you feel pulsations that are much more forceful and is near the edge of the thoracic wall and not at the midclavicular line. What do you suspect the patient suffers from?

5 L

The peripheral vascular system is constantly filled with how much liters of blood?

* Arteries
* Capillaries
* Veins

The peripheral vascular system is composed of these necessary tubes where blood, nutrients, etc. flow through

RLQ

The colon originates at what quadrant?

Client’s right side

To palpate the liver, where should you stand?

Store and secrete bile

What is the primary function of the gallbladder

Abdominopelvic cavity

What cavity extends from the diaphragm to the bottom of the trunk?

Peritoneum

This is a thin, shiny serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity that provides a protective covering for most of the internal abdominal organs

Visceral Pain

This is a type of pain in the abdomen that is dull, aching, burning, cramping or colicky

Parietal Pain

This is a type of abdominal pain that is severe and steady.

Referred Pain

This is a type of pain that travels, an example of it is appendicitis.

Grey Turner Sign

This is an abnormal finding wherein there is a purple discoloration at the flanks and is indicative of bleeding in the abdominal wall

Striae

This is the medical term for stretch marks. Old, silvery, white stretch marks from past pregnancies or weight gain are normal

Ascites

This is an abnormal finding wherein there is significant abdominal swelling indicating fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity, liver failure, or liver disease

Cullen’s Sign

This is a bluish discoloration around the umbilicus that may indicate intraabdominal bleeding.

Diastasis recti

This is the medical term for bowel obstruction

Hernia

This is the abnormal finding wherein there is a protrusion of the bowel through the abdominal wall

Peritoneal Irritation

A diminished abdominal respiration or change to thoracic breathing in male clients may indicate what abnormal finding?

Borborygmi

These are hyperactive bowel sounds that may be heard normally and is loud, prolonged gurgles which are characteristics of stomach growling

Ileocecal valve

Bowel sounds maybe more active and heard at what valve in the RLQ

Spleen

This is acts as a filter for the blood and is an oval area of dullness approximately 7 cm wide near the left tenth rib and slightly posterior to the mid-axillary line (MAL).

7 cm

What is the normal liver span of women?

10 cm - 14 cm

What is the normal liver span range for men?

Wave test

This test is done with an assistant placing the ulnar surface of their hands firmly in the midline of the abdomen and the nurse taps from one side to feel the wave on the other side. This test is done to assess if patient has ascites.

Bloomberg’s test (rebound tenderness)

This is a test done to assess for appendicitis wherein sudden release of pressure on RLQ causes severe pain

Rovsing’s Sign

This is a test done to assess for appendicitis wherein palpation of the lower left quadrant of a person’s abdomen increases the pain felt in the lower right quadrant.

Psoa’s Sign

This is a test done to assess for appendicitis wherein a patient’s leg is extended to their back and when pain is felt, it is indicative of appendicitis or peritonitis

Obturator’s Sign

This is a test done to assess for appendicitis wherein a patient in supine position is assisted to flex their knee and rotate it internally.

Murphy’s Sign

This test is done to assess for cholecystitis (gallstones)

Sympathetic system

This controls the “flight or fight” response of the body

Parasympathetic system

This controls the “rest and digest” response of the body

Parietal Lobe

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for interpreting tactile sensations such as pain and temperature?

Frontal Lobe

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for directing skeletal muscle, influences communication, and contains the Broca’s area?

Occipital Lobe

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for influencing the ability to read with understanding?

Temporal Lobe

Which lobe of the brain receives and interprets impulses from the ear, and contains the Wernicke’s area

33

How many spinal nerves do the human body contain?

12

How many cranial nerves do we have?

Encephalitis

This is a condition in which the brain becomes inflamed

Stereognosis

This is a test for the patient’s tactile discrimination wherein a familiar object is placed in the patients hand and while their eyes are closed ask them what object it is

Graphesthesia

This is a test for the patient’s tactile discrimination wherein the nurse uses a blunt instrument to write a number that a patient will have to guess with their eyes closed

Tendon

What is a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone called?

600

Approximately how many muscles are in the human body?

Involuntary muscle

What types of muscle do you not control?

Pelvis

The "ilium" is a bone of the?

False

Are all of the joints in the body freely moveable?

Femur

What is the longest, strongest bone in the body?

Cerebellar Ataxia

This is a wide-based, staggering, unsteady gait seen with cerebellar disease or alcohol/drug intoxication

Parkinsonian gait

This is a shuffling gait, with a stooped-over posture with flexed hips and knees, typically seen in parkinson’s disease.

Scissors Gait

This is a stiff, short gait; thighs overlap each other with each step and is seen with patients that has partial paralysis of the legs

Spastic Hemiperisis

This is a type of abnormal gait which presents a flexed arm held close to the body while client drags out leg or circles it stiffly outward and forward. Often seen with patients who suffered from stroke

Footdrop

This is an abnormal gait wherein client lifts foot and knee high with each step, then slaps the foot down hard on the ground. This is a characteristic of a disease in the lower motor neurons

Skeletal muscle

This is a type of voluntary muscle that assists with posture, produce body heat, and allow the body to move (walking, running, jumping).