Studied by 5 peopleOlfaction
________ (smell) and gustation (taste) are chemical senses that respond to airborne or liquefied molecules.
Eardrum
________: Membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits them inward.
Accommodation
________: Changes in the shape of lens of the eye to enable the seeing of close and far objects.
Salty
________ and sour tastes are triggered by a direct flow of ions into taste receptors, activating an action potential.
Cones
________: Photoreceptors that are sensitive to color.
Synesthesia
________: A perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory system creates perceptual experiences in another sensory system.
VR technology
________ allows clinicians to simulate real- life conditions for these clients, changing those conditions gradually as therapy progresses.
Transduction
________ is the process by which one form of energy is converted into another.
Sound waves
________ are the stimulus for hearing.
Fovea
________: Tiny spot in the center of the retina, containing only cones, where visual acuity is greatest.
Cochlea
________: Snail- shaped organ in the inner ear that contains sensory receptors for hearing.
Define
________ sensation and transduction, and outline what happens in the sensory organs during transduction.
Hallucination
________: Perception with no basis in reality.
Astigmatism
________: Defects in the cornea, lens, or eye that cause some areas of vision to be out of focus.
Noise
________- induced hearing loss is a common form of sensorineural hearing loss caused by exposure to loud ________.
Basilar membrane
________: Structure in the cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound waves into action potentials.
Blind
________ spot: Area in the retina where the optic nerve exits that contains no photoreceptor cells.
Pupil
________: The back opening inside the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
sensory organs
Sensation is the process by which ________ take in information from the environment, while perception is the process by which the brain interprets that information.
Illusion
________: A misleading or misconstructed perception.
creativity
However, mind- wandering may promote ________, relief from boredom, and the ability to plan for the future.
Dark adaption
________: Increased light sensitivity of the eye under low- light conditions.
Transducers
________: Devices that convert one kind of energy into another.
prior knowledge
Top- down processing: Perception guided by ________ or expectations.
Muller Lyer illusion
The ________ is the effect of seeing two straight lines- one with conventional arrowheads at its ends, and the other with V shapes at its ends- as being different lengths, even though they are actually the same.
Retinal disparity
________: Difference between the images projected onto each eye.
Perceptual construction
________: A metal model of external events.
sensory information
They help the brain to quickly process incoming ________ in ways that are usually accurate.
Attention
________ is also frequently related to contrast- change in stimulation.
Transducers
Devices that convert one kind of energy into another
Sensation
Conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system; also a sensory impression
Psychophysics
Study of how the mind interprets the physical properties of stimuli
Absolute threshold
Minimum amount of physical energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time
Difference threshold
Minimum difference in physical energy between two stimuli that can be detected 50 percent of the time
Sensory adaption
A decrease over time in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus
Perceptual features
Basic attributes of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors
Feature detector
Cells in the cortex that respond to a specific attribute of an object
Hue
Color of light, determined by its wavelength
Saturation
Purity of hues
Brightness
Cause color to appear brighter or intense
Cornea
Curved, transparent, protective layer through which light enters the eye
Lens
Clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward the retina
Accommodation
Changes in the shape of lens of the eye to enable the seeing of close and far objects
Hyperopia
Having difficulty focusing on nearby objects (farsightedness)
Myopia
Having difficulty on distant objects (nearsightedness)
Astigmatism
Defects in the cornea, lens, or eye that cause some areas of vision to be out of focus
Presbyopia
Farsightedness caused by aging
Retina
Surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays
Cones
Photoreceptors that are sensitive to color
Rods
Photoreceptors for dim light that produce only black and white sensations
Visual acuity
The sharpness of visual perception
Blind spot
Area in the retina where the optic nerve exits that contains no photoreceptor cells
Optic nerve
Structure that conveys visual information away from the retina to the brain
Fovea
Tiny spot in the center of the retina, containing only cones, where visual acuity is greatest
Color blindness
A total inability to perceive color
Color weakness
An inability to distinguish some colors
Introduction to Psychology
Gateway to Mind and Behavior (16th Edition)
Peripheral (side) vision
Vision at the edges of the visual field
Dark adaption
Increased light sensitivity of the eye under low-light conditions
Pupil
The back opening inside the iris that allows light to enter the eye
Iris
Colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil
Opponent-process theory of color vision
Proposition that color vision is based on coding things as red or green, yellow or blue, or black or white
Pitch
How high or low a tone sounds; related to the frequency of a sound wave
Loudness
The volume of a sound; related to the amplitude of a sound wave
Eardrum
Membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits them inward
Cochlea
Snail-shaped organ in the inner ear that contains sensory receptors for hearing
Basilar membrane
Structure in the cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound waves into action potentials
Hair cells
Receptor cells within the cochlea that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses
Conductive hearing loss
Poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear
Sensorineural hearing loss
Loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner-ear hair cells or auditory nerve
Noise-induced hearing loss
Damage caused by exposing the hair cells to excessively loud sounds
Frequency theory of hearing
Proposition that pitch is decoded from the rate at which hair cells of the basilar membrane are firing
Place theory of hearing
Proposition that higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea
Olfaction
Sense of smell
Gustation
Sense of taste
Somesthetic Sense
ability to "feel
Skin senses
The senses of touch, pressure, pain, heat, and col
Kinesthetic senses
The senses of body movement and positioning
Vestibular senses
Perception of balance, gravity, and acceleration
Anosmia
Smell blindness
Lock-and-key theory of olfaction
A theory holding that odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules
Taste buds
Receptors for taste
Touch
First of somesthetic senses
Anaphia
loss of feeling
Warning system
Pain based on large nerve fibers; warns that bodily damage may be occurring
Reminding system
Pain based on small nerve fibers; reminds the brain that the body has been injured
Gate control theory
A theory proposing that pain messages pass through neural "gates" in the spinal cord
Multimodal integration
The process by which the brain combines information coming from multiple senses
Selective attention
Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message
Attention is also frequently related to contrast
change in stimulation
Inattentional blindness
A failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere
Change blindness
A failure to notice that the background is changing because attention is focused elsewhere
Mind-wandering
The process by which attention is withdrawn from the physical environment to focus on internal events
Synesthesia
A perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory system creates perceptual experiences in another sensory system
Perception
Selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
Illusion
A misleading or misconstructed perception
Hallucination
Perception with no basis in reality
Perceptual construction
A metal model of external events
Bottom-up processing
Organizing perceptions by beginning with low-level features
Top-down processing
Perception guided by prior knowledge or expectations
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Flashcard (21)