Studied by 8 peopleVoltaire
French writer during the Enlightenment; wrote 20,000 letters, 2000 books and many pamphlets
First Estate
archbishops and bishops; managed 10% of the land for the Roman Church; owned valuable properties in the cities and exempt from most taxes
Second Estate
French nobles and aristocrats; owned about 20% of the land; gained wealth by charging rent and fees
Third Estate
middle class artisans, townsmen, and peasants; owned 15 - 50 % of the land; the majority of the population
Estates-General
the only political body in France with the authority to reform the nation's tax system; convened by Louis XVI
Louis XVI (16th)
king of France during the French revolution; political and financial collapse occurred during his reign
Marie-Antoinette
married to Louis XVI; was Queen of France during the French Revolution
National Assembly
formed by the members of the Third Estate; signed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Tennis Court Oath
Declaration of the Rights of Man
an important French document; demanded the end of the many abuses suffered by the French people; signed by the National Assembly
Committee of Public Safety
committee that led Fance's revolutionary government; gained absolute authority in France; executed a mass of people during the Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror
period of mass execution; at least twenty-five thousand men & women were sent to the guillotine, including Marie-Antoinette
Directory
five-man committee that governed France just before Napoleon came to power; made peace with Prussia and Spain, but remained at war with Austria and Britain
Napoleon Bonaparte
Army general who became dictator of France; used military power to take control of the French government; became First Consul
First Consul
position Napoleon pushed 2 others out of to become dictator of France
Code Napoleon
codification of French law in which many laws were passed during the Revolution
Waterloo
town near Belgium where Napoleon was defeated by the armies of Prussia and Britain
nationalism/ patriotism
term that means intense devotion and loyalty to one's own people and country
Greece
was under Ottoman control; revolted and obtained independence from the Ottoman Empire with the help of other European countries
Great Powers
major European nations; met in London; recognized Belgian independence in 1831
Poland
eastern European country that was partitioned by powerful neighboring countries and lost its independence until after World War I; eastern portion controlled by Russia
Germany and Italy
two countries unified by nationalism
Hungary
was under Austria's control for centuries
Zollverein
formed to enhance trade; economic union resulted in German unification
Wilhelm I
first kaiser of the united Germany; king that appointed Otto von Bismarck as chancellor of Prussia
Otto von Bismarck
chancellor of Prussia; used diplomacy, propaganda, and military to unite the Germans into one country
Risorgimento
"resurgence"; contributed to the movement for Italian nationalism
Mazzini
nationalist who formed Young Italy
Young Italy
was formed for the purpose of accomplishing Italian unification
Cavour
most successful at uniting northern Italy; prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Garibaldi
Italian nationalist who formed the army the "Red Shirts"; ; conquered the island of Sicily and the city of Naples
Victor Emmanuel II
first king of united Italy; Prime Minister/ king of Sardinia
Russia
In what country did Napoleon lose over half of his men because of harsh weather and enemy soldiers?
Austria
Against which country did Hungary revolt?
The Netherlands
The Belgians revolted and became independent from what country?
America
Which nation experienced a war for independence that was partly based on Enlightenment and Reformation ideas?
Russia
Which nation controlled and annexed eastern Poland?
Germany
The economic union called Zollverein and the Schleswig and Holstein paved the way for the unification of what country?
Note 
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