BJU World Studies Chapter 12

Voltaire

French writer during the Enlightenment; wrote 20,000 letters, 2000 books and many pamphlets

First Estate

archbishops and bishops; managed 10% of the land for the Roman Church; owned valuable properties in the cities and exempt from most taxes

Second Estate

French nobles and aristocrats; owned about 20% of the land; gained wealth by charging rent and fees

Third Estate

middle class artisans, townsmen, and peasants; owned 15 - 50 % of the land; the majority of the population

Estates-General

the only political body in France with the authority to reform the nation's tax system; convened by Louis XVI

Louis XVI (16th)

king of France during the French revolution; political and financial collapse occurred during his reign

Marie-Antoinette

married to Louis XVI; was Queen of France during the French Revolution

National Assembly

formed by the members of the Third Estate; signed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Tennis Court Oath

Declaration of the Rights of Man

an important French document; demanded the end of the many abuses suffered by the French people; signed by the National Assembly

Committee of Public Safety

committee that led Fance's revolutionary government; gained absolute authority in France; executed a mass of people during the Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror

period of mass execution; at least twenty-five thousand men & women were sent to the guillotine, including Marie-Antoinette

Directory

five-man committee that governed France just before Napoleon came to power; made peace with Prussia and Spain, but remained at war with Austria and Britain

Napoleon Bonaparte

Army general who became dictator of France; used military power to take control of the French government; became First Consul

First Consul

position Napoleon pushed 2 others out of to become dictator of France

Code Napoleon

codification of French law in which many laws were passed during the Revolution

Waterloo

town near Belgium where Napoleon was defeated by the armies of Prussia and Britain

nationalism/ patriotism

term that means intense devotion and loyalty to one's own people and country

Greece

was under Ottoman control; revolted and obtained independence from the Ottoman Empire with the help of other European countries

Great Powers

major European nations; met in London; recognized Belgian independence in 1831

Poland

eastern European country that was partitioned by powerful neighboring countries and lost its independence until after World War I; eastern portion controlled by Russia

Germany and Italy

two countries unified by nationalism

Hungary

was under Austria's control for centuries

Zollverein

formed to enhance trade; economic union resulted in German unification

Wilhelm I

first kaiser of the united Germany; king that appointed Otto von Bismarck as chancellor of Prussia

Otto von Bismarck

chancellor of Prussia; used diplomacy, propaganda, and military to unite the Germans into one country

Risorgimento

"resurgence"; contributed to the movement for Italian nationalism

Mazzini

nationalist who formed Young Italy

Young Italy

was formed for the purpose of accomplishing Italian unification

Cavour

most successful at uniting northern Italy; prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia

Garibaldi

Italian nationalist who formed the army the "Red Shirts"; ; conquered the island of Sicily and the city of Naples

Victor Emmanuel II

first king of united Italy; Prime Minister/ king of Sardinia

Russia

In what country did Napoleon lose over half of his men because of harsh weather and enemy soldiers?

Austria

Against which country did Hungary revolt?

The Netherlands

The Belgians revolted and became independent from what country?

America

Which nation experienced a war for independence that was partly based on Enlightenment and Reformation ideas?

Russia

Which nation controlled and annexed eastern Poland?

Germany

The economic union called Zollverein and the Schleswig and Holstein paved the way for the unification of what country?