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Abolished the British Slave Trade (1807)
The British Parliament ended the transatlantic slave trade, making it illegal to trade enslaved people.
Adam Smith
A Scottish philosopher and economist who advocated for free-market economics in his work Wealth of Nations (1776).
Agricultural Revolution
Period of agricultural advancements (1650–1850) that improved farming techniques, crop rotation, and livestock breeding.
Agriculture
The practice of cultivating crops and raising livestock for food and other resources.
Atlantic Slave Trade
The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas to work on plantations, central to the Atlantic economy.
Australia
A continent where Britain established a penal colony in the late 18th century using convicted prisoners for labor.
Breadwinner
A person who earns money to support their family, often associated with changes in labor systems during the Industrious Revolution.
Acts by Parliament
Legislation, such as the Enclosure Acts, which privatized common land and transformed farming practices in England.
Cottage Industry
A system where rural families produced goods at home for merchants, part of the putting-out system.
Crop Rotation
A farming practice of rotating crops in fields to preserve soil fertility and improve yields.
Enclosure
The process of consolidating small fields into larger, privately-owned farms, often fenced off.
Wars (1701–1763)
A series of conflicts, including the War of Spanish Succession and the Seven Years' War, between England and France.
Guild System
Organizations of artisans or tradespeople that regulated trade and quality but restricted innovation and access.
Guilds
Groups of workers in the same trade who controlled membership, production, and prices.
Improvements in Livestock
Selective breeding methods during the Agricultural Revolution that increased animal productivity and quality.
Industrious Revolution
A shift where families worked harder and produced more to earn wages, leading to increased consumerism.
Population Growth
An increase in Europe’s population during the 18th century, driven by lower mortality rates and improved living conditions.
Putting-Out System
A pre-industrial production system where merchants supplied raw materials to rural households to produce goods.
Textile
Fabric or cloth production, a major focus of the putting-out system and later industrialization.
Seven Years' War
A global conflict (1756–1763) between Britain and France that reshaped colonial empires and trade dominance.
Traditional Village Rights
Customary practices where communities shared resources like meadows and worked together in crop rotation systems.
Wealth of Nations (1776)
A foundational work by Adam Smith promoting free trade, competition, and limited government in economics.
