AP Euro Chapter 17

1. Abolished the British Slave Trade (1807):

The British Parliament ended the transatlantic slave trade, making it illegal to trade enslaved people.

2. Adam Smith:

A Scottish philosopher and economist who advocated for free-market economics in his work Wealth of Nations (1776).

3. Agricultural Revolution:

A period of agricultural advancements (1650–1850) that improved farming techniques, crop rotation, and livestock breeding, leading to increased food production.

4. Agriculture:

The practice of cultivating crops and raising livestock for food and other resources.

5. Atlantic Slave Trade:

The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas to work on plantations, which was central to the Atlantic economy.

6. Australia:

A continent where Britain established a penal colony in the late 18th century using convicted prisoners for labor.

7. Breadwinner:

A person who earns money to support their family, often associated with changes in labor systems during the Industrious Revolution.

8. Acts by Parliament:

Legislation, such as the Enclosure Acts, which privatized common land and transformed farming practices in England.

9. Cottage Industry:

A system where rural families produced goods (like textiles) at home for merchants, part of the putting-out system.

10. Crop Rotation:

A farming practice of rotating crops in fields to preserve soil fertility and improve yields.

11. Enclosure:

The process of consolidating small fields into larger, privately-owned farms, often fenced off, which hurt poor farmers.

12. Wars (1701–1763):

A series of conflicts, including the War of Spanish Succession and the Seven Years' War, as England and France competed for colonial and trade dominance.

13. Guild System:

Organizations of artisans or tradespeople that regulated trade and quality but restricted innovation and access.

14. Guilds:

Groups of workers in the same trade who controlled membership, production, and prices.

15. Improvements in Livestock:

Selective breeding methods during the Agricultural Revolution that increased animal productivity and quality.

16. Industrious Revolution:

A shift where families worked harder and produced more to earn wages, leading to increased consumerism and economic change.

17. Population Growth:

An increase in Europe’s population during the 18th century, driven by lower mortality rates and improved living conditions.

18. Putting-Out System:

A pre-industrial production system where merchants supplied raw materials to rural households to produce goods.

19. Textile:

Fabric or cloth production, a major focus of the putting-out system and later industrialization.

20. Seven Years' War:

A global conflict (1756–1763) between Britain and France that reshaped colonial empires and trade dominance.

21. Traditional Village Rights:

Customary practices where communities shared resources like meadows and woodlands, and worked together in crop rotation systems.

22. Wealth of Nations (1776):

A foundational work by Adam Smith promoting free trade, competition, and limited government in economics.