glycolysis + TCA

glycolysis occurs in both __

aerobic and anaerobic organisms

what are the 2 phases of glycolysis

1. investment: consumes 2 ATP and converts glucose to 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P

2. payoff: produces 4 ATP and 2 pyruvate

what is the net ATP gain from glycolysis

2 ATP

what are the products of glycolysis

pyruvate, ATP, NADH

how many possible fates does pyruvate have

3

what are the steps of the energy investment phase

1. glucose —> glucose 6-phosphate via hexokinase

2. glucose 6-phosphate —> fructose 6-phosphate via phosphohexose isomerase

3. fructose 6-phosphate —> fructose 1,6-biphosphate via phosphofructokinase-1

4. fructose 1,6-biphosphate —> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate via aldolase

what are the steps of the payoff phase

1. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate —> 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via triose phosphate isomerase

2. 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate —> 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate via glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

3. 3-phosphoglycerate —> 2-phosphoglycerate via phosphoglycerate mutase

4. 2-phosphoglycerate —> phosphoenolpyruvate via enolase

5. phosphoenolpyruvate —> pyruvate via pyruvate kinas

what is the first ATP forming reaction

(2) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to (2) 3-phosphoglycerate

what is the second ATP forming reaction

the last step

(2) phosphoenolpyruvate to (2) pyruvate

what is the order of the enzymes in glycolysis

1. hexokinase

2. phosphohexose isomerase

3. phosphofructokinase-1

4. aldolase

5. triose phosphate isomerase

6. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

7. phosphoglycerate kinase

8. phosphoglycerate mutase

9. enolase

10. pyruvate kinase

what is the net gain of glycolysis per glucose molecule

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

what are the key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis

hexokinase (step 1)

PFK-1 (step 3)

pyruvate kinase (step 10)

allosteric control by ATP and AMP

hormonal regulation by insulin and glucagon

what is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions

pyruvate —> acetyl CoA (TCA cycle)

what are the 2 possible fates of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions

lactate or ethanol

what are the 2 possible fates of NADH

aerobic conditions: NADH is oxidiezed in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

anaerobic conditions: NADH is oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) providing addition NAD+ for more glycolysis

what is the warburg effect

cancer cells divert large amounts of glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway to produce NADPH

what do rapidly proliferating cancer cells do with glucose

mainly metabolize it to lactate even when it is in aerobic conditions

what other sugars can enter glycolysis

fructose, mannose, galactose

what does TCA stand for

the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle)

what else can acetyl CoA be produced by

the oxidation of fats and amino acids

what enters the tca

acetyl-coa

which enzyme does

acetyl-coa + oxaloacetate —> citrate

citrate synthase

citrate ←> isocitrate

which enzyme

aconitase

isocitrate —> a-ketoglutarate

which enzyme

isocitrate dehydrogenase

produces: NADH + CO2

a-ketoglutarate —> succinyl coa

which enzyme

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

produces: NADH + CO2

succinyl coa —> succinate

which enzyme

succinyl-coa synthetase

produces: GTP

succinate —> fumarate

which enzyme

succinate dehydrogenase

produces FADH2

fumarate —> malate

which enzyme

fumarase

malate —> oxaloacetate

which enzyme

malate dehydrogenase

produces NADH

what does 1 acetyl-coa produce in TCA

3 NADH

1 FADH2

1 GTP

1 CO2

what are the 3 major activators of the tca cycle

ADP, Ca2+ (muscle), NAD+

what are the 4 major inhibitors of the tca

ATP, NADH, Succinyl-CoA, citrate

which tca enzyme uses tpp

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Coke Is Ketamine Sluts Suck For Money Only

1. Citrate

2. Isocitrate

3. Ketoglutarate

4. Succinyl-CoA

5. Succinate

6. Fumarate

7. Malate

8. Oxaloacetate

where does tca take place

in the mitochondrial matrix

what is oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate catalyzed by

the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

pyruvate dehydrogenase PD is a noncovalent assembly of

three enzymes E1, E2, E3

how many coenzymes are required in the PD enzyme complex

5

what are the 3 pyruvate dehydrogenas regulatory mechanisms

1. phosphorylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

2. dephosphorylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate

3. hormonal control

what are the products of the tca per glucose molecule

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP or ATP, 4 CO2

which steps of the tca are inhibited by ATP

step 1 (citrate synthase)

step 3 (isocitrate dehydrogenase)

what are anaplerotic reactions

filling-up

replenish TCA intermediates

what are cataplerotic reations

use TCA intermediates for biosynthesis

production of amino acids

what is the most important anaplerotic reaction

pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate