History of Psychology Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts and terminology in the history of psychology.

Phrenology (Gall)

Skull shape determines character, with different brain parts and their size determining traits and their strength. Used to identify criminals.

Craniometry (Broca)

Measurement of skull shape to compare individuals and make claims about intelligence, race, or personality.

Nurture (Locke)

Believes that environment, upbringing, education, and culture shape a person; tabula rasa (blank slate).

Panopticon (Bentham)

Internalized surveillance; a watch tower in the middle of a circular prison sets to watch prisoners without their knowledge, encouraging prisoners to regulate their behavior.

Constitutional psychology (Sheldon)

Believed personality and body type (somatypes) are linked, including endomorph (round, soft, more fat), mesomorph (muscular, athletic), and ectomorph (thin, fragile).

Independent variable

What is being changed by the researcher; the cause.

Dependent variable

The effect.

Social facilitation

Positive effect of observers on an individual's performance (Norman Tripplet, 1897).

Conformity

Changing one's behavior, beliefs, or attitudes to match those of a group due to real or imagined pressure.

Autokinetic effect

Studies conformity in ambiguous situations; estimates converged over time, forming a group norm (Sherif, 1935).

Social psychology

The scientific attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Gordon Allport, 1954).

Francis Galton (nature)

Intelligence was inherited.

Pygmalion Effect

Expectations can influence outcomes, shaping student performance through increased attention, encouragement, and feedback (Rosenthal).

Hawthorne Effect

Change in behavior when people know they are being observed.

Normative social influence

Desire to fit in.

Informational influence

Conformity increased if there were neutral trials.

Crowd psychology

Founded crowd psychology; when individuals become part of a crowd, they lose their sense of self and personal responsibility (Gustav Le Bon).

Conversion (informational influence)

Conforming because of belief that others are right, thus changing their opinion.

Compliance (normative influence)

Conforming because of concern of how they will be perceived while privately disagreeing.

Independence

Resists group pressure and maintains their own view without opposing the group.

Anti-conformity

Actively opposes or goes against group views.

Etic approach

Examines universal behaviors across cultures.

Emic approach

Focuses on behaviors that are culturally specific.

Correspondence bias

Tendency to believe that people’s actions reflect their personality traits or intentions, even when the behavior can be explained by the situation or context.

Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and sense of accountability.

Theodor Adorno (1947) F scale

Measures authoritarian personality.

Social comparison theory

Evaluating ourselves by comparing ourselves to others to see how well we are, where we stand in social hierarchies, and if our behavior is normal or acceptable (Festinger).

Upward social comparison

Comparing yourself to someone better than you, which can be motivation and self-improvement but also envy or low self-esteem.

Downward social comparison

Comparing yourself to someone worse off than you to boost self-esteem.

Lateral social comparison

Comparing yourself with someone similar in ability or status to give a sense of belonging or norm.

Cognitive dissonance

Tension due to having two conflicting thoughts at the same time; dissonance increases with the importance of the subject and strength of conflict.

Social facilitation

Improving performance in well-learned tasks in the presence of others and the deterioration of poorly learned tasks in the presence of others.

Ringelmann Effect

Force exerted per person decreased as a function of group size.

Social loafing

Reduction of individual effort when working on a collective task.

Bystander effect

Lone bystander is more likely to give aid than anyone of several bystanders.

Diffusion of responsibility

The transfer of responsibility to someone else, similar to social loafing

Autocratic leader

Strict & independent decision making that expects obedience.

Democratic leader

High affiliation, balanced skill and EQ & sharing decision making.

Laissez faire leader

Low guidance, trusting, and flexible; only steps in when needed .

Audience inhibition

Being self-conscious of others stops you from doing something.

Ingham et al. (1974) experiment

Individuals pulling alone compared to pseudo or real groups to provide explanations for Ringelmann Effect. Motivational loss had a greater impact.

Latane and Rodin (1969)

Tested bystanders effect by exposing male subjects in a waiting room who were exposed to a women yelling for help. Pairs were less likely to help than alone and with a passive confederate, it was significantly decreased.

Latane and Darley(1970)

Found that the presence of others inhibits peoples response in an emergency More people, THE SLOWER the response

Personality (Phares, 1988)

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish one from another and that persists over time and situations

Similarity effects

Dating couples that show aspects of proximity/propinquity effects and physical attractiveness.

Sternberg's triangular theory of love

The three factors of intimacy, commitment & passion, where an ideal partnership has all three

Sigmund Freud

Shaping personality through the topographic model (conscious, preconscious) and ego, superego, and id is in our unconscious; psychoanalysis theory.

Walster et al., 1966)

A finding where good looks were the only variable that predicted a desire to go on a second date.

Colonization

Essentially taking leadership, "the violent denial of indigenous peoples to continue governing themselves in their own land."

KM research

Theory-driven and community-focused research.

Tino Rangatiratanga

Maori self-determination, making sure they have power control throughout the reasearch

Whānau

Extend family structure

Te tiriti o Waitangi:

Najubg syre tge research as us valued and uplifted and that Maori are seen as citizens and people of the land

KAUPAPA MAORI RESEARCH

Māori are involved at all parts, Māori methods of analysis and perspective, primary accountable to Māori standards and expectations. Kaupapa Maori means a maori way of thinking and doing research

Cultural identity

Cultural values and practices, ways in which one regards the ethnic or cultural groups they belong to and prioritization of the individual and of the group.

Ethnic identity

Extent to which one identity with other of their ethnicity and culture.

Psychopathology

Study of mental disorder.

DSM-5 diagnosis

List of recognized mental disorders and guidelines for diagnosis; only describes signs and symptoms and doesn’t imply anything about causation.

Theory

A scientific explanation of how something works.

Transdiagnostic mechanism

A chunk of a theory that seems to apply across different diagnoses.

Formulation

Theory of an individual’s presenting problem including what they are experiencing, background factors, triggers which leads to treatment planning.

Habituation

When you get used to something after experiencing it multiple times

VoE

Measures how infants represent, reason about, respond to events and its used to conceptualize how unexpected events may lead to learning by making them rethink

General law of cultural development

Every function in the childs development appears twice, on the social level and the individual level.

Pedagogical vs observational

Learning from formal teaching, and observationally from hearing/seeing it.

Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP)

Shows how easily and quickly people form group biases, even when those groups are based on trivial or meaningless criteria

Instrumental vs ritual/conventional stances (Nielsen and Legare)

When someone sees an action as a means to an end — it's goal-directed and practical..It is how someone copies an action because it is socially or culturally important, not just because it "works."

5 learning strategies (Legare)

Learning Through Exploration, Observation,Participation/collaboration,Imitation and Instruction.

Normative Protest Paradigm

The Normative Protest Paradigm helps us learn how people respond to peaceful, respectful protests.

Physical activity/rough-and-tumble play

Repetitive active behaviors by themselves or others joint pretend play objects represent other things, imagination. supports social interaction

Social interaction play play social interaction:

songs, games engaging with others in social Interaction

Unoccupied play ~3 months:

Doing nothing, random movements or observe others.

Solitary play – 0-2 years:

Plays alone and uninterested in others nearby

Onlooker play 2-3yrs:

Child watches other play but does not join, may talk or ask questions.

Parallel play, 2.5-3.5yrs:

Children play side by side but don’t interact directly

associative play:

children 3-4 years, interact and share toys but not well co-ordinated and do not have a share goal.

o-operative play 4+ yrs:

play together with shared goals and roles

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 yrs)

functional play and rpetitive physical activity using objects for innded purpose Symbolic play 2 yrs – using objects to represent something else.

Bobo doll experiment

Model aggression learned from watching / tv through simulated targets. Model shows bobo doll aggression & child follows in similar fashion using hostile language.

Death perception

visual cliF simulation to assess instinctive fear of heights. Emotions are important in determining child behaviour in uncertain/ambiguous situations.

Harlow’s monkeys

Studies types of surrogate mums *artificial Terry cloth mum vs. Wire feeding mum and concluded that comfort and emotional security is more important than food in forming attachment.

Bowlby

Psychoanalytic view that childhood experiences are important for development and behaviour in life. Our attachment styles are established early through the infant/caregiver relationship.

Proximity–

The desire to be near the people we are attached to

safe haven

retuning to the person when in fear, the

Security base

Is when The attachment figure acts as security while child is exploring

Delay Gratification

studied self- control, by marshmallow/ what the child picks. Children with self-control do better in school and in life as the reward is delayed

Mirror self recognition test

Studied self awareness/cognitive abilities test by mirror self recognition test (MRS)

Secure Attachment

The child uses caregiver as a secure base. Distressed when caregiver leaves, but easily comforted on return or shows joy at reunion.

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

This Is when Child shows little distress when caregiver leaves but avoids or ignores caregiver upon return.

Insecure-Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment

This is when a child is very distressed when caregiver leaves/ Not easily comforted upon return/ clinging behavior

SROUFE ET AL. (2005)

Studied thatSecure attachment is linked to positive emotional health, high self- esteem, self-confidence, socially competent interaction with peers, teachers, camp counselors and romantic partners.

Still face paradigm (Edward Tronik)

parents hold a neutral face for a minute- babies stop smiling and gaze drops meaning infants are sensitive to expressions