Chapter 29 Quiz

Industrial Revolution

the transition from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing;

global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

the significant increase in agricultural production in Britain between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries, leading to advancements in farming techniques and infrastructure

Cottage Industry

a home-based system of manufacturing in the 18th and 19th centuries, involving small-scale production of goods such as textiles and food processing

Interchangeable Parts

identical components that can be substituted for one another, enabling mass production and lower costs

Eli Whitney

American inventor known for inventing the cotton gin and pioneering the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing

Capital

a theoretical work by Karl Marx which argues that once the capitalist system collapses, the working class inherits economic and political power

Enclosure Movement

a movement in Britain that ended traditional rights to common land, leading to the consolidation of land ownership and increased migration to cities

Trans-Siberian Railroad

the world's longest railroad, connecting both ends of Russia and facilitating transportation of raw materials and supplies

James Watt

Scottish inventor who developed the steam engine in 1765, revolutionizing industry and transportation

Second Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid advancement and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by advancements in electricity, petroleum, chemicals, and steel production

Alexander Graham Bell

Scottish-Canadian inventor known for inventing the telephone

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian inventor and engineer famous for creating the first successful long-distance wireless telegraph and radio broadcasting

Transcontinental Railroad

a railroad route completed in 1869, connecting the east and west coasts of the United States

Zaibatsu

financial cliques or family enterprises in 19th century Japan that rose to prominence during the Meiji Era and controlled significant parts of the Japanese economy

Monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade of a commodity or service

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher considered the father of capitalism, who said that laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace; introduced the concept that free trade would benefit individuals and society as a whole.

adam smith’s political theory

a form of libertarianism emphasizing the protection of private property and limited regulations on banks and lending

Capitalism

an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit

Communist Manifesto

a work by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels that advocates for a socialist revolution and the abolition of private property

Urbanization

the movement of populations from rural to urban areas

Luddites

early 19th century artisans who opposed industrialization and destroyed textile machines that threatened their livelihoods

Bourgeoisie

the middle class in modern industrial society, characterized by ownership of wealth and means of production

Proletariat

the urban working class in a modern industrial society, who rely on selling their labor for wages

Trade unions/unionization

labor unions formed to protect workers' rights and improve working conditions through collective bargaining with employers.