Unit 7 - Evolution

Differential reproductive success

________: measures how many offspring you produce that survive relative to how many the other individuals in your population produce.

Miller Urey Experiment

The ________ demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earths early atmosphere.

Lamarck

________ confused genetic and environmental (postconceptive) change, which is not surprising because no one had discovered genes yet.

Divergent evolution

________ can lead to speciation (allopatric or sympatric)

Molecular data

________ such as DNA or protein sequences can be used to construct phylogenetic trees or cladograms.

Fossil

________ record- the physical manifestation of species that have gone extinct.

Nodes

________ or branching points represent the most recent common ancestor of any two groups or lineage.

Geological evidence

________ provides support for the models of the origin of life on Earth.

Microevolution

________- evolution at the level of species and populations.

Phylogenetic trees

________ and cladograms- used to represent evolutionary relationships among organisms as well as track traits that are either lost or gained over time.

Sexual selection

________ is purely about access to mating opportunities.

Evolution

________ describes change in allele frequencies in populations over time.

Darwin

________ used vestigial characters as evidence in his original formulation of the process of evolution, listing the human appendix as an example.

Morphological similarities of living

________ or fossil species can be used to construct phylogenetic trees or cladograms.

common ancestor

Traits are said to be homologous if they are similar because their host organisms arose from a(n) ________ (which implies that they have evolved)

Systematics

________ the study of evolutionary relationships and looks at the similarities and differences between species.

Sympatric speciation

________- Interbreeding ceases even though no physical barrier prevents it.

Mutation

________ always random with respect to which genes are affected, although the changes in allele frequencies that occur as a result of the ________ may not be.

Adaptive radiation

________- a rapid series of speciation events that occur when one or more ancestral species invades a new environment.

P²

________ + 2pq + q²= 1, where ________ and q² represent the frequency of the two homozygous conditions (AA and aa)

sex competition

Within- ________- in mammals, the males usually compete since females are a limiting source.

Adaptation

________ a trait that if altered, affects the fitness of the organism.

equilibria

Punctuated ________ model- change occurs in rapid bursts separated by large periods of stasis.

Gradualism evolutionary change

________ is a steady, slow process.

natural selection

Variation: for ________ to occur, a population must exhibit phenotypic variance- in other words, differences must exist between individuals, even if they are slight.

Random

________ mating- organisms participate in intrasexual selection, which represent competitive interactions between the same sex (male- to- male or female- to- female) and intersexual selection, which represents the selection of reproductive partners of the opposite sex.

reproductive effort

Choice- in mammals, the females usually choose since they invest a lot in each ________.

Snail shell color

________ is an example of disruptive selection.

Polyploidy

________- A condition in which an individual has more than the normal number of sets of chromosomes.

Speciation

________ the process by which new species evolve.

mutual evolution

The ________ between two species, which is exemplified by predator- prey relationships.

Descent

________ can happen only when one group of organisms gives rise to another.

Hardy

________- Weinberg equilibrium- theoretical concept to describe those special cases where a population is in stasis, or not evolving.

Allopatric speciation

________- Interbreeding ceases because some sort of barrier separates a single population into two.

Heritability

________: parents must be able to pass on the traits that are under natural selection.

Artificial selection

________: when humans become the agents of natural selection.

Selection

________ is disruptive when individuals at the two extremes of a spectrum of variation do better than the more common forms in the middle.

dominant allele

Since p represents the ________, it makes sense that p² represents the homozygous dominant condition.

Gene flow

________- the change in allele frequencies as genes from one population incorporates into another.

Mutation Random

________ changes in the DNA of an individual can introduce new alleles into a population.

Lamarck

________ proposed the idea that evolution occurs by the inheritance of acquired characters.

Darwin

________ used embryology as an important piece of evidence for the process of evolution.

Sexual selection

________* Occurs because individuals differ in mating success.

Darwin

________- suggested the idea of natural selection and coined the phrase "survival of the fittest ..