The mutual evolution between two species, which is exemplified by predator– prey relationships.
The prey evolves in such a way that those remaining are able to escape predator attack.
Eventually, some of the predators survive that can overcome this evolutionary adaptation in the prey population. This goes back and forth, over and over.
Two unrelated species evolve in a way that makes them more similar.
They are both responding in the same way to some environmental challenge, and this brings them closer together.
We call two characters convergent characters if they are similar in two species, even though the species do not share a common ancestor.
Two related species evolve in a way that makes them less similar.
Divergent evolution can lead to speciation (allopatric or sympatric).
Similar evolutionary changes occurring in two species that can be related or unrelated.
They are simply responding in a similar manner to a similar environmental condition.
Traits are said to be homologous if they are similar because their host organisms arose from a common ancestor (which implies that they have evolved).
For example, the bone structure in bird wings is homologous in all bird species.
The study of embryos reveals remarkable similarities between organisms at the earliest stages of life, although as adults (or even at birth) the species look completely different.
Human embryos, for example, actually have gills for a short time during early development, hinting at our aquatic ancestry.
Darwin used embryology as an important piece of evidence for the process of evolution.
Most organisms carry characters that are no longer useful, although they once were.
Sometimes an environment changes so much that a trait is no longer needed, but is not deleterious enough to actually be selected against and eliminated.
Darwin used vestigial characters as evidence in his original formulation of the process of evolution, listing the human appendix as an example.
Fossil record—the physical manifestation of species that have gone extinct.
Microevolution - evolution at the level of species and populations.
Macroevolution includes the study of evolution of groups of species over very long periods of time.
Patterns of macroevolution:
Gradualism evolutionary change is a steady, slow process.
Punctuated equilibria model - change occurs in rapid bursts separated by large periods of stasis.
Heterotrophs organisms that cannot make their own food.
Geological evidence provides support for the models of the origin of life on Earth.
Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago with no signs of life due a hostile environment until 3.9 billion years ago.
The Miller-Urey Experiment demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earth’s early atmosphere.
Another theory - RNA world hypothesis - states that RNA could have been the earliest genetic material on Earth.
A simple RNA molecule could copy itself without other molecules to help, drive chemical reactions like proteins, and be able to store genetic information just like DNA.